Integral circulating fluidized bed

Liu, D. J. Preliminary study on an integral circulating fluidized bed (ICFB), M. S. Thesis, Institute of Chemical Metallurgy, Beijing, China (1990). 

Rensfelt E. Ekstrom C. (1989) Fuel Gas from Municipal Waste in an Integrated Circulating Fluidized bed/Gas Cleaning Processes. Energy Biomass Wastes, 12, 811-906. 

Liu DJ, Zheng CG, Li H, Kwauk M. A preliminary investigation on integral circulating fluidized bed (in Chinese). Eng Chem Metal 64-67, 1993a. 

The Sasol 2 and 3 facilities (presently known as Sasol Synfuels) were constructed in Secunda, South Africa, in response to the 1973 oil crisis. Syncrude was produced by Fe-HTFT synthesis in improved Sasol Synthol circulating fluidized bed reactors36. The syncrude composition was similar to the Kellogg Fe-HTFT syncrude of Sasol 1 (Table 18.8). There was limited integration between the two facilities, which had a combined nameplate capacity of 120,000 barrels per day oil equivalent. 

Cyclonic filters (and closely related designs such as U-tubes) are employed as an initial gas cleanup step in most gasifier systems because they are effective and relatively inexpensive to operate. In circulating fluidized-bed or entrained-bed gasifiers, cyclones are an integral part of the reactor design, providing for separation of the bed material and other particulates from the gas stream. 

Qian, G., and Li, J. Particle-Velocity Measurement in CFB with an Integrated Probe, in "Circulating Fluidized Bed Technology IV (Amos A. Avidan, ed.), pp. 320-325. Somerset, Pennsylvania (1993). 

Varnamo demonstration plant, Sweden. Sycraft AB operated the pressurized biomass IGCC (Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle) for combined heat and power production (CHP). The circulating fluidized bed gasifier was operated between 1993 and 1999 for about 8000 hours, with a fuel capacity of... 

Figure 5-6 is a simplified block flow diagram of the KoBra project. Raw brown coal is dried to 12% moisture by the newly developed WTA process which is a fluidized bed with steam and integrated waste heat recovery. Air for the gasification is extracted from the combustion turbine. The gasifier is sized at about 3,600 t/d of dry brown coal to match the 200 MW Siemens V 94.3 combustion turbine. The bottom ash and fly ash from the gasifier is combusted in a separate atmospheric pressure circulating fluidized-bed combustion (CFBC) boiler. 

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