Insulin administration ocular

Bartlett. ]. D., Tumer-Hensen. A., Atchison. J. A., Woolley, T., and Pillion, D. (1994). Insulin administration to (he eyes of normoglycemic human volunteers. J. Ocular Pharmacol. 14,683-690. 

Hormones, proteins, and small peptides are not suitable for oral administration without complex modifications in the formulation. A variety of approaches for insulin delivery, as a model drug, have been attempted to improve on its bioavailability. Advances have been realized in the delivery of insulin through oral, nasal, rectal, dermatologic, and ocular routes. Proteins can also be delivered transdermally, using a lipid-based, biphasic delivery system in therapeutic quantity. 

In the treatment of diabetes mellitus, insulin is generally administered by injection. However, the injections may cause local side effects and allergic reactions, and may also result in the patients physical and mental pain. Thus, alternative routes of administration such as nasal [2], buccal [3], pulmonary [4], rectal [5], and ocular [7] have... 

The ocular, buccal, rectal, and vaginal routes of administration all have inherent limitations and serious drawbacks for delivery of insulin and therefore are highly unlikely to be of any use for chronic insulin therapy. 

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