Instrumentation modulation ratio

The phase delay and the modulation ratio can be determined at each harmonic available for measurement. These harmonics can range from a few hertz to several gigahertz depending on the harmonic content of the excitation and the lifetime of the luminescent molecule/14,25,27 28) Although all this information is available from the light signals, the instrumentation may limit the number of harmonics that can be measured. 

Once instrumental effects on M have been accounted for, useful information about the physical system may be deduced from the modulation depth. For isolated molecules, averaging over scattering angles and summing over continuum indices will reduce the ratio R. Further loss of modulation depth may be caused by decoherence in dissipative systems (vide infra), making this quantity a potentially useful observable for deducing structural and dynamical effects. 

Fig. 49. Schematic representation of the analysis of a serum or plasma constituent by analysis on dry reagent carriers a Switch on the instrument and plug in the module b Draw out the slide and insert reagent carrier c Apply 30 pi of a serum or plasma sample diluted in a 1 3 ratio to the test area d Press start key S and push in slide digital display of the result of the analysis. (From Thomas, L., Appel, W., Stoiz, G. and Plischke, W. (1981), Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. 106, 1091-1094.)...

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