Inside-out technique

Inside-out technique It can verify if there is a leak and quantify the size of a leak. The tracer gas must be on the inside of the piece in question. It provides a fast go/no-go operation. It cannot tell you where the leak is. 

Fig. 7.60 Using the inside-out technique, the piece in question is filled with helium and then placed in a covering of some type that can be evacuated. Any helium that is released within this covering will be detected by the helium leak detector. Note that the tested piece can have either end lifted up so that all surfaces are exposed to the vacuum. From Introduction to Helium Mass Spectrometer Leak Detection, Figs. 3.3 and 3.4, by Varian Associates, Inc. 1980, reproduced with permission.

Horibe S, Shino K, Nakata K, Maeda A, Nakamura N, Matsumoto N (1995) Second-look arthroscopy after meniscal repair. Review of 132 menisci repaired by an arthroscopic inside-out technique. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 77 245-249... 

Current ACL revision aims to create new bone tunnels within the anatomical footprint, so the length of the femoral bone tunnel might be short, especially when the inside-out technique is adopted. As the femoral bone tunnel is around 25 mm long in patients of small stature, the socket for the bone plug should be made as short as possible, ideally 15-20 mm. In this context, the same length of... 

Baird [Comp. Chem. Engng., 9, 593 (1985)]. Since then, they have been applied successfully to problems involving interlinked distillation (Wayburn and Seader, op. cit.), azeotropic and three-phase distillation [Kovach, 111 and Seider, Comp. Chem. Engng., 11,593(1987)], and reac tive distillation [Chang and Seader, Comp. Chem. Engng., 12, 1243 (1988)], when SC and inside-out methods have failed. Today, many computer-aided distillation-design and simulation packages include continuation techniques to make the codes more robust. 

Figure 1 Schematic diagrams illustrating the patch-clamp technique. (A) Overall setup for isolating single ionic channels in an intact patch of cell membrane. P = patch pipet R = reference microelectrode I = intracellular microelectrode Vp = applied patch potential Em = membrane potential Vm = Em — Vp = potential across the patch A = patch-clamp amplifier. (From Ref. 90.) (B) Five different recording configurations, and procedures used to establish them, (i) Cell attached or intact patch (ii) open cell attached patch (iii) whole cell recording (iv) excised outside-out patch (v) excised inside-out patch. Key i = inside of the cell o = outside of the cell. (Adapted from Ref. 283.)...

Fig. 21.4. Vesicle formation and patch-clamp techniques used to record levamisole receptor channel currents from Ascaris muscle. (A) Muscle membrane vesicles bud-off from the bag membrane following a 10 min collagenase treatment and incubation for 1 h at 37°C in Ascaris saline. (B) Levamisole is applied to the outside surface of the membrane to activate receptor channels cell-attached patches are usually used but it is also possible to make inside-out and outside-out patch recordings.

Selection of the cell line or tissue type influences not only the technique for membrane vesicle preparation but also the resulting percentage of inside-out-oriented plasma membrane vesicles. A sufficient amount of inside-out-oriented vesicles is essential, since only this fraction, with the ATP-binding domains oriented to the outer surface, mediates ATP-dependent transport of a labeled substrate into the vesicle. 

The aqueous polymer two-phase partition technique pioneered by Albertsson et al. [11] not only provides a method to separate right-side-out from inside-out vesicles (Section 2.2), but also allows the partial separation of appressed and non-appressed membrane fractions. The inside-out vesicles which partition to the lower phase were depleted in PS II activity [59]. Significantly, they were derived from the appressed membranes of the grana stacks as judged by electron microscopy [60] and their mode of formation [61], Futhermore, analysis of the Chl-protein content revealed a substantial depletion of PS I complex, and an enrichment of PS II complex and LHC II in the appressed membrane fraction [62]. In 1980, An-dersson and Anderson postulated that PS II and PS I are mainly laterally segregated, with PS I excluded from the appressed grana partitions, where most PS II-LHC II complexes are located [62,63] (Fig. 5). 

Current variants of this technique make possible the application of solution on the exterior and interior of whole cells and on the membrane patches torn from the cell (outside-out or inside-out)—every thinkable configuration of solution and ion channel orientation craved by the ion channel researcher. Usually, primary cultured cells or cell lines are preferred as they reveal a relatively clean surface membrane (44) and require no enzymatic treatment that damages the plasmamembrane. The patch clamp technique is now the gold standard measurement for characterizing and studying ion channels and is one of the most important methods applied to physiology. 

There are several variations of the patch-clamp technique (Figure 16.21). Ion channel currents can be recorded from a whole cell or from small membrane pieces called excised patches, which are sections that are physically excised and removed from the cell membrane. The excised patch can be either in inside-out or outside-out configuration. The different patch-clamp configurations are described later. 

Systems with highly nonideal VLE suffer from requiring very good initial profiles The sneaking-up technique can be used by first solving the column with a simple approximation of the VLE and then slowly introducing the nonideal VLE. This is described by Brierley and Smith (106) and is also the thermodynamic homotopy of Vickery and Taylor (81). As stated in Secs. 4.2.9 and 4.2.12, this can occur in the global Newton methods. The inside-out methods avoid these problems in their use of simple VLE models. 

Chapter 8 provided a general overview of automated AR construction techniques. These methods are necessary when very complex, higher dimensional, systems are investigated. AR constmction techniques have historically fallen into one of two categories inside-out and outside-in methods. Inside-out methods are additive in nature. These methods begin with a small achievable region (usually the feed... 

---