Innovations lateral

In the lead-lag market context the first case is the situation of an innovative country adopting an innovation first and other non-innovative countries adopting the innovation later (Figure 1-1). In the second case, all countries are innovative but the lag market demands idiosyncratic innovation designs, whereas the lead market demands an innovation design that later becomes adopted by the lag markets (Figure 1-2). 

An innovative technology called the "lasagna" process is based on the electrokinetic phenomenon called electro osmosis. The lasagna process was created to treat difficult wastes in low permeabiUty, sdt- and clay-laden soils (40). The lasagna process is so named because it consists of a number of layered subsurface electrodes and treatment zones. These layers can be constmcted either horizontally where contaminants are forced to more upward or in vertical position where lateral contaminant movement is desired. 

Hollomon s ethos, combined with his ferocious energy and determination, and his sustained determination to recruit only the best researchers to join his group, over the next 15 years led to a sequence of remarkable innovations related to materials, including man-made diamond, high-quality thermal insulation, a vacuum circuit-breaker, products based on etched particle tracks in irradiated solids, polycarbonate plastic and, particularly, the Lucalox alumina envelope for a metal-vapour lamp. (Of course many managers besides Hollomon were involved.) A brilliant, detailed account of these innovations and the arrangements that made them possible was later written by Guy Suits and his successor as director, Arthur Bueche (Suits and Bueche 1967). Some of these specific episodes will feature later in this book, but it helps to reinforce the points made here about Hollomon s coneeption of broad research on materials if I point out that the invention of translucent alumina tubes for lamps was... 

Arrhenius, insofar as his profession could be defined at all, began as a physicist. He worked with a physics professor in Stockholm and presented a thesis on the electrical conductivities of aqueous solutions of salts. A recent biography (Crawford 1996) presents in detail the humiliating treatment of Arrhenius by his sceptical examiners in 1884, which nearly put an end to his scientific career he was not adjudged fit for a university career. He was not the last innovator to have trouble with examiners. Yet, a bare 19 years later, in 1903, he received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry. It shows the unusual attitude of this founder of physical chemistry that he was distinctly surprised not to receive the Physics Prize, because he thought of himself as a physicist. 

We will not enlarge on the environment potential of biotechnology any further at this stage. We will, however, raise some environmental issues in later section of this text If you would like to learn more, we recommend the BIOTOL text "Biotechnological Innovations in Environmental and Eneigy Management". 

Apart from innovative work, RMs are essential during exerdses such as the introduction to a laboratory of a method from elsewhere or the transfer of an established method onto new instrumentation. Even where the conditions for the analysis have been standardized by the manufacturer of a reagent kit, some validation work should still be undertaken so as to have documented data for quality assurance purposes, e.g. accreditation, as a basis for IQC, for later reference when problems which may be related to equipment, reagents or staff etc. need to be investigated. 

Ochman H, Lawrence JG, Groisman EA. Lateral gene transfer and the nature ofbacterial innovation. Nature 2000 405[6784] 299-304. 

Ten years later, James Starley, an English inventor, made several innovations that revolutionized bicycle design. He made the... 

Another useful innovation is the formulation of an equation relating Up to c IKD where c is the total concentration of the electrolyte and KD the dissociation constant of the ion-pairs. In a later paper it will be noted that this is the reciprocal of a (much simpler) equation relating KD/c to pH which had been derived previously by Bos and Treloar (A). 

---