Innersphere Coordination of Anions

It is extremely challenging to define solution speciation based on Eu(III) luminescence data in solutions that only contain weak ligands such as buffer, or counter ions such as nitrate, chloride, or triflate. This is in large part due to the complexity of the solution chemistry of 

More straightforward are smdies that use Eu(lll) excitation spectroscopy to monitor binding of multidentate chelates to Eu(lll) with replacement of aqua ligands. Horrocks and 

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