Injectable bone substitutes properties

An alternative suggested approach to endodontic treatment is to use injectable bone substitute and calcium phosphate materials, which have been described as promising in terms of biocompatibility, bioactivity and rheological properties (Enkel et al., 2008). 

Injectable bone substitute material consisting of CTS, citric acid, and glucose solution as the liquid phase, and tricalcium phosphate powder as the solid phase, was developed by Liu and coworkers [141]. Four types of cements have been used to investigate the mechanical properties and in vitro biocompatibility of the material. In the presence of citric acid, tricalcium phosphate partially transformed into HAp and dicalcium phosphate. 

In addition, Wang s group developed a one-step method to synthesize photo-cross-linkable macromers based on copolymers of PEG and PPE and further photopolymerized them to form hydrogels, which were capable of cell encapsulation. Qiu and co-workers have prepared a series of unsaturated PPEs (eqn [14]), which can be cross-linked. They have investigated the cross-linking, mechanical properties, degradation, and biocompatibility of these materials as injectable and biodegradable bone substitutes. 

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