Influence of the Charge Density

For very low contents in ionic units, for instance 1.8% in anionic groups and 1.2% in cationic groups, the copolymers behave in water as pure polyacrylamide 

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The influence of the charge density on the electrolytic conductivity is demonstrated for high molar mass PDADMAC and the AAM-copolymers in Fig. 21. 

Fig. 21. Influence of the charge density on the concentration dependence of the equivalent conductivity A (T=20 °C). The indicated charge distance b was realized by copolymerization of DADMAC with AAM. The percentage denotes the DADMAC content in the copolymer (Data taken from [38])...

Another model was proposed based on atomic composition of the molecule only, ignoring the influence of the charge density descriptors on the logF calculation [Klopman et al, 1985]. The best fitted proposed model is ... 

We can conclude that it is difficult to study the influence of the charge density and other structural characteristics of the polymer, i.e., molecular weight, chain flexibility, and chemical nature of the ionizable groups, on the binding of surfactants apart from each other. At the same time, it seems that the nature not only of the polyelectrolyte but also of the surfactant head... 

Figure 10.14 demonstrates the influence of the charge density of the bilayers on Go. The modulus increases... 

Now there is a concept which is appropriate to reproduce the characteristic features of our experimental results. These are the influence of the charge density and the influence of salinity on the shear modulus. 

PECs by us. This offers the possibility to study the course of PEC formation as well as the structure of PEC particles by methods, which are normally used for the characterization of polymer solutions. In this paper we will especially discuss the influence of the charge density on the formation and stability of complexes between such high molecular weight polyelectrolytes, stressing methodical aspects and results of SLS. 

The results clearly show the marked influence of the charge density. Note that with a... 

The influence of the charge-discharge current density on the specific capacity properties of the electrodes is depicted in Fig. 3. One can conclude that even at a 0.2 mA/cm2 current density the potentialities of the material are not developed fully. Further increasing the cycling current density up to... 

Ref. [63]). Figure 30 illustrates the influence of charge density on the collapse of SMA-MAA gels in the presence of CPB. It can be seen that the increase of the charge density of the networks results in an increase of the sharpness of the collapse. 

For instance, the Bohr radius of in muonic Pb is only about 4 fm, whereas the radius of the nucleus is about 7 fm. Finally, the muon may be captured by the nucleus or it may decay as a free particle. The influence of the charge distribution in nuclei on muons is also greater than that on electrons, and X rays emitted by muonic atoms, in particular from inner orbitals, give information about the charge distribution and surface structure of nuclei. The influence of electron densities and chemical bonds has been studied by use of pionic atoms, such as p 7r. ... 

Figure 17. The double layer capacitance measured with two different metals (Ag and Hg) in an aqueous electrolyte solution as a function of the charge density at the surface. The influence of the nature of the metal phase on the total capacitance is clearest around the point of zero charge. The results are taken from W. Schmickler, Chem. Rev. 96, 3177 (1996).

Figure 18. Estimation of the capacitance of the electrochemical double layer Cstiso as a function of the charge density, using a series connection of the capacitance of the double layer of the metal surface [Cm < 0) and the molecular Helmholtz layer (Csoi). It is found that the electrochemical double layer capacitance shows a maximum at around the point of zero charge, where the influence of the metal phase is strongest. This is in qualitative agreement with the experimental results (Fig. 17). The bars on the capacitance axis indicate 2 x 10 F/cm, the bars on the horizontal axis indicate 5 x 10 C/cm. ...

Calvo-Losada, S., Sordo, T. L., Lopez-Herrera, F. J., Quirante, J. J. The influence of protecting the hydroxyl group of P-oxy-a-diazo carbonyl compounds in the competition between Wolff rearrangement and [1,2]-hydrogen shift. Density functional theory study and topological analysis of the charge density. Theoretical Chemistry Accounts 2000,103,423-430. 

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