Indole synthesis intermolecular

The mechanism of this interesting intermolecular indole synthesis as suggested by Feldman is depicted in Scheme 2 and presumably involves vinyl carbene 6 that cyclized to A-tosylindole [2]. The method is applicable to the synthesis of pyrroles and dihydropyrroles. 

A variation of indole synthesis involving intermolecular Diels-Alder reactions of vinylpyrroles (Chapter 60) is mtramolecular electrocyclization reactions of vinyl- and divinylpyrroles to give indoles. 

Indole is one of the most important heterocyclic scaffolds for drug discovery. Approaches for indole synthesis using hydroamination as a key step in their syntheses has been an ongoing area of investigation over the past several years [329, 330]. Early examples focused on one-pot intermolecular hydrohydrazination followed by the Lewis-acid-catalyzed Fischer indole synthesis [331, 332] (Scheme 15.102) or one-pot intermolecular hydroamination followed by cross-coupling to either form a C-N bond (via the Buchwald-Hartwig amination) [333] (Scheme 15.103) or a C-C bond (via a Heck reaction) [334, 335] (Scheme 15.104). Alternatively, o-alkynylanilines can be used directly as substrates for intramolecular hydroamination (Scheme 15.105) [198, 200, 336-340]. These approaches have been thoroughly reviewed [10]. 

Scheme 15.102 Indole synthesis via a one-pot intermolecular hydrohydrazination followed by the Lewis-acid-catalyzed Fischer indole synthesis.

Later on, the Marchetti group [40] suggested another indole synthesis starting with the hydroformylation of 2-(5-chloro-2-nitrostyryl)-l,3-dioxolane (Scheme 5.150). With a sufficiently long reaction time, the nitro group was reduced and the resulting amine reacted in an intermolecular maimer with the formyl group under water ehmination to afford the indole derivative. 

In continuation of the aforementioned reaction, Hiroya and coworkers used cop-per(II) acetate for the synthesis of indoles 2-943 in reasonable yields from the corresponding ethynylanilines 2-941 by a domino intermolecular Michael addition/cop-per-assisted nucleophilic tosylate displacement reaction via 2-942 (Scheme 2.211) [482],... 

As with the corresponding section on pyrroles, indole syntheses have been categorized utilizing a systematic approach. Intramolecular approaches (type I) and intermolecular approaches (type II) are classified by the number and location of the new bonds that describe the indole forming step (2 examples shown below). In addition, the synthesis of azaindoles,... 

An efficient and also elegant synthesis of the active anti-influenza A virus indole alkaloid hirsu-tine 67 is performed by an inter-intermolecular anionic-pericyclic three- component domino reaction followed by solvolysis and hydrogenation (scheme 13).[261 The synthetic sequence developed by us contains first a Knoevenagel condensation of enantiopure 61 and 62 with the formation of the... 

In one of the few publications not directly connected with the synthesis of alkaloids, an original method for the formation of hexahydroazocino[4,3-fc]-indoles using a Mannich intermolecular reaction of the corresponding 2-(N-i -aminobutyl)indoles 50 has been reported (Scheme 14 87JCS(P1)1599). 

Mahboobi et al. described a novel synthesis of staurosporinone (293) (791). The intermolecular Michael addition of l-(indol-3-yl)-2-nitroethene (1472) to methyl indol-3-ylacetate (1313) provided with high diastereoselectivity methyl 2,3-bis(indol-3-yl)-4-nitrobutanoate (1473). Catalytic hydrogenation and lactamization afforded 2,3-bis(indol-3-yl)-y-butyrolactam (1474) in 87% yield. Oxidative cyclization of the ds-lactam 1474 with DDQ in the presence of catalytic amounts of p-TsOH led to staurosporinone (293) (791) (Scheme 5.249). 

The coupling of chiral amines with aryl bromides proceeds without racemization by proper choice of ligands. Intermolecular animation of a chiral amine proceeds without loss of enantiomeric purity with Pd(0)-(o-Tol)3P. Synthesis of the optically pure indole 415, an intermediate for the synthesis of a potent ACE inhibitor, has been achieved by the Pd-catalyzed amination of 414, which is prepared by the Heck reaction of bromide 413 and Rh-catalyzed aymmetric hydrogenation [205],... 

The carbolithiation of unactivated alkenes has also proven very successful for the synthesis of complex polycyclic systems. This has typically been achieved by reaction sequences utilizing an intramolecular carbolithiation process to generate a variety of carbocycles185 and heterocycles186. To achieve the intermolecular carbolithiation reaction required to initiate a controlled cascade reaction sequence for the generation of indole ring scaffold, Kessler and coworkers44 have expanded the synthetic utility of the styrene... 

Among the wide variety of unsaturated functionalities which participate in the cobalt-mediated [2+2+2] cycloaddition that has proved to be a powerful tool for the assembly of complex polycyclic molecules are a number of aromatic heterocyclic double bonds, such as those in pyrrole and indole <20000L2479, 2001JA9324 and references therein>. Indoles, including those substituted at C-3, can be cyclized, both intra- and intermolecularly, with a wide variety of alkynes to yield functionalized products in moderate to good yields. A stereoselective cobalt-mediated [2+2+2] cycloaddition reaction between the W(pent-2-en-4-ynoyl)indole moiety of tryptamine derivative 1093 (R = (CH2)2NHAc) and acetylene has been employed for the formal total synthesis of strychnine 1097, the most famous Strychnos alkaloid and a commonly used rodenticide and animal stimulant (Scheme 213). 

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