Indium substitution

The occurrence of indium-minerals is very rare in general, and indium substitutes in base metal sulfide minerals for elements with similar ionic radii. The most common In-bearing minerals are sphalerite where In is substituting for Zn and Fe, stannite, kesterite and cassiterite where In Is replacing Sn and Fe (Shwarz-Schampera Herzig 2002). 

InxGai xN quantum wells (QW) separated by GaN barriers were analyzed and experimental spectra compared to ab initio calculations (Figure 8). The observed differences with respect to the GaN matrix depend on the degree of indium substitution and also reflect the strain over the QW induced by the barrier lattice. Indeed, by fixing the a and b parameters of the QW to the GaN values, very good agreement EELS/calculation was obtained, as opposed to relaxed InxGai xN parameters [26],... 

Sulfates. Indium metal and its oxides dissolve in warm sulfuric acid to give a solution of the trisulfate [13464-82-9], In2(S0 2- It is a white, crystalline, deUquescent soHd, readily soluble in water that forms double salts with alkaLi sulfates and some organic substituted ammonium bases. Concentration of the acidified trisulfate solution produces indium acid sulfate crystal [57344-73-7], In(HS0 2> other reaction conditions give basic sulfates. 

Alkynes react with indium reagents such as (allyl)3ln2l3 to form dienes (allyl substituted alkenes from the alkyne). Allyltin reagents add to alkynes in a similar manner in the presence of ZrCU Alkylzinc reagents add to alkynes to give substituted alkenes in the presence of a palladium catalyst. ... 

Regio- and Stereoselectivity. For the allylation of carbonyl compounds mediated by indium and other compounds in aqueous media, usually the carbon-carbon bond forms at the more substituted carbon of the allyl halide, irrespective of the position of halogen in the starting material. However, the carbon-carbon bond forms at the less-substituted carbon when the y-substituents of allyl halides are large enough (e.g., trimethylsilyl or tert-butyl) as shown by Chan et al.139 (Scheme 8.10). The following conclusions can be drawn ... 

A tandem enolate-arylation-allylic cyclisation, in which an essential z-butyldimethylsilyl ether protecting group delays the cyclisation step until the Pd-catalysed arylation is complete, enables 1-vinyl-l//-[2]benzopyrans 54 to be prepared from 2-bromobenzaldehyde (Scheme 32) <00CC1675>. 4-Substituted isochromans 55 are formed from aldehydes by a Pd-catalysed termolecular queuing cascade. The sequence involves cyclisation of an aryl iodide onto a proximate alkyne followed by an allene insertion. Transmetallation with indium then allows addition to the aldehyde (Scheme 33) . 

F.R. Zhu, B.L. Low, K.R. Zhang, and S.J. Chua, Lithium-fluoride-modified indium tin oxide anode for enhanced carrier injection in phenyl-substituted polymer electroluminescent devices, Appl. Phys. Lett., 79 1205-1207, 2001. 

Palladium catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of 1-substituted glycals have not only been limited to tributylstannyl derivatives. In fact, the versatility of this approach is significantly enhanced by the fact that C-l zinc-, indium-, or iodine-substituted glycals (easily accesible from glycals, see Scheme 7)... 

---