INDEX stabilization problems

We find below a set of stationary nonlinear modes for the step-index nonlinear waveguide, investigate their stability and global dynamics. The latter is simulated numerically by the FD-BPM as a solution to the Cauchy problem for waveguide junctions under consideration. 

Effect of Heat Of Reaction Figure 2.5 shows what happens if the heat of reaction is 10 or 20% higher than the base case value. The conversion is 80% for all these cases. As expected, the heat of reaction has no effect on the reactor volume, diameter, or area. These parameters are set by throughput, temperature, and conversion. Higher heats of reaction require higher heat transfer rates Q, which lower the jacket temperature and increase the cooling water flowrate. As shown in Figure 2.6, the result is an increase in the reactor stability index, which indicates more difficult control problems. 

Apart from the fact that the use of the HLB system is limited as it is based on the observation of creaming or separation of the emulsions, as an index of instability the HLB system also neglects the effects of surfactant concentration on stability (26) and of course it is irrelevant to the particular problems with multiple emulsion systems. Nevertheless, it provides a useful approach to the choice of optimal surfactant system. In general, in a w/o/w emulsion, the optimal HLB value of the primary surfactant will be in the range 2-7 and in the range 6-16 for the secondary surfactant. Equilibration of the systems after mixing will undoubtedly result in the transfer of surfactant between the aqueous and nonaqueous components. Saturation of the phases with the two surfactants used should prevent instability during this equilibration. 

Neat HOPE 9, used at 23% of the total HDPE in the formulation, had exceptionally low critical shear rate (100 s ) and the power-law index (0.34). It apparently should make the processing window narrower compared to a normal run. Regrinds 4 (Table 17.27), 5, and 6 were within norm and could hardly create serious problems. Probably, the HDPE materials were culprits in the respective runs (see HDPE 9 in Table 17.28 with a very low critical shear rate of 100 s ). Regrind 7 also showed very low critical shear rate (100 s ) and power-law index (0.33) and could create problems with run stability and output. 

A wide linear response range and high flow rate capability, are desirable features in a detector for preparative-scale chromatography. Problems with temperature stability (refractive index) and pressure pulses (UV detector) are less important because of the high sample concentrations present in the mobile phase. Some analytical detectors have interchangeable flow cells, which allow replacement of the analytical cell with one of... 

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