Increasing actively caring self-efficacy

These later studies that manipulated the outcome of a task illustrated a potential overlap between optimism, self-efficacy, and personal control. It is reasonable to assume performance feedback increases one s perception of self-efficacy and personal control, as well as one s optimism. Indeed, Scheier and Carver s (1985) measure of optimism correlated significantly with locus of control. Optimism, self-efficacy, and personal control determine feelings of empowerment, according to the actively caring model. Thus, these performance-feedback studies support the general hypothesis that we can increase the chances for active caring by boosting individual perceptions of empowerment. 

This principle was mentioned earlier when reviewing the distinction between stress and distress (Principle 33). When people s sense of self-efficacy ("I can do it"), personal control ("1 am in control"), or optimism ("I expect the best") is increased, they are less apt to experience distress and more likely to feel empowered ("1 can make a difference"). In addition, empowerment increases one s inclination to perform actively caring behaviors. 

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