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Incipient runoff

The problem of droplet sliding in relation to spray retention has also been considered by Tadros. Spray retention increases as the volume applied increases, up to the point of incipient runoff. Above this point, the volume of spray retained begins to decline, and retention is determined by the movement of drops on the leaf surface. Factors influencing sliding include surface roughness, presence of hairs, leaf age, position on the leaf surface, environmental conditions, surfactant incorporation and concentration, droplet size and velocity, and wind speed. [Pg.222]

In marine ecosystems, the high copper levels measured in heavily contaminated coastal areas sometimes approach the incipient lethal concentrations for some organisms (Neff and Anderson 1977). Elevated copper concentrations in marine and estuarine environments may result from atmospheric deposition, industrial and municipal wastes, urban runoff, rivers, and shoreline erosion. Chesapeake Bay, for example, receives more than 1800 kg of copper daily from these sources (Hall et al. 1988). Copper concentrations in abiotic marine materials are generally higher near shore than... [Pg.165]


See other pages where Incipient runoff is mentioned: [Pg.272]    [Pg.272]    [Pg.284]    [Pg.547]    [Pg.578]   
See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.222 ]




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Runoff

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