In vivo electrochemistry

Tanaka K and Tokuda K 1996 In vivo electrochemistry with microelectrodes Experimental Techniques in Bioelectrochemistry ed V Brabec, D Walz and G Milazzo (Basel Birkhauser)... 

Morgan ME, Vestal RE. (1989). Methyixanthine effects on caudate dopamine release as measured by in vivo electrochemistry. Life Sci. 45(21) 2025-39. 

Electrochemistry at electrodes with microscopic dimensions (e.g., a disk of 10 j,m diameter) and nanoscopic dimensions (e.g., a disk of <100 nm diameter) constitutes one of the most important frontiers in modern electrochemical science [25]. Such micro- and nanoscopic electrodes allow for electrochemical experiments that are impossible at electrodes of macroscopic dimensions (e.g., disks of mm diameter we call such electrodes macroelectrodes ). Examples of unique opportunities afforded by micro- and nanoscopic electrodes include the possibility of doing electrochemistry in highly resistive media and the possibility of investigating the kinetics of redox processes that are too fast to study at electrodes of conventional dimensions (both are discussed in detail below). In addition, microscopic electrodes have proven extremely useful for in vivo electrochemistry [62]. 

Gonon, Francois G. 1988. "Nonlinear Relationship Between Impulse Flow and Dopamine Released by Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons as Studied by In Vivo Electrochemistry." Neuroscience 24 19-28. 

Wilson, G.S. and Johnson, M.A. (2008) In-vivo electrochemistry what can we learn about living systems Chemical Reviews, 108 (7), 2462-2481. 

When used for in vivo electrochemistry, a new electrode should be used for each experiment. This is because glial cells or neuronal fragments can collect on the surface of the carbon, thus forming a diffusion barrier for the electroactive compounds. These layers of cell debris may or may not be visible under the microscope, but a drop in sensitivity in vitro is a sure sign that an electrode is contaminated Electrodes can be cleaned by overnight immersion m diluted nitric acid, followed by repeated washing with distilled water and reconditioning However, with a little practice, the electrodes are so easy to make that it is no problem to make a fresh one for each experiment. 

Volume 3 of this series may be consulted for a survey of electrochemical instrumentation and electroanalytical chemistry. In addition, several chapters in this volume contain detailed information on methods of importance to bioanalysis. In particular. Chapter 17 (mediated electron transfer). Chapter 7 (electrochemistry of nitric oxide). Chapter 12 (electrochemistry of nucleic acids). Chapter 13 (enzyme electrodes). Chapter 14 (in vivo electrochemistry), Chapter 5 (electrochemical immunoassays), Chapter 2 (single cell electrochemistry), and Chapter 9 (ion-selective electrodes) provide more details on the fundamental processes underlying the applications to bioanalysis that are described in this chapter. 

In vivo Electrochemistry with Very High Spatial Resolution. 471... 

The electrochemical methods that have evolved for neurochemical applications have several advantages that make them ideally suited to the task for which they are intended the methods are selective, sensitive, and rapid. Nevertheless, the key advantages that will be highlighted in this chapter are derived from the micrometer physical dimensions of the microelectrodes themselves (Fig. 1). Today, the majority of in vivo electrochemistry is conducted in the brain with microelectrodes constructed with individual, or a... 

In vivo Electrochemistry ivith Very High Spatial Resolution 1471... 

Cheng, H.-Y., Schenk, J., Huff, R., and Adams, R. N., 19796, In vivo Electrochemistry Behavior of microelectrodes in brain tissue, y. Electroanal. Chem. 100 23-31. 

Huff, R., 1980, Drug-induced release of catecholamines detected by in vivo electrochemistry, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Kansas. 

Lindsay, W. S., Justice, J. B., and Salamone, J., 1980a, Simulation studies of in vivo electrochemistry, Comput. Chem. 4 19-26. 

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