In-situ carbonation

Carbonate reservoir rock is usually found at the place of formation ( in situ ). Carbonate rocks are susceptible to alteration by the processes of diagenesis. 

Sharp, Z.D. and Cerling, T.E. 1995 A laser GC-IRMS method for in-situ carbon and oxygen isotope analyses of carbonates and phosphates. Geological Society of America, Abstracts Program 27 A255. 

Keleman, P.B. Matter, J. 2008. In situ carbonation of peridotite for C02 storage. 

Broecker, W. S. Takahashi, T. (1978). The relationship between lysocline depth and in situ carbonate ion concentration. Deep Sea Res., 25, 65-95. 

Derouane, E. G., Lefebvre, C. and Nagy, J. B. Channel network effects in ethylene oligomerization and aromatization using HZSM-5, HZSM-11 and HZSM-48 catalysts. An in situ carbon-13 NMR study, J. Mol. Catal., 1986, 38, 387-391. 

Fig. 2A—D presents the results of the cation analyses plotted vs. chloride, using a different symbol for each depth interval sampled. Sulfate is very dilute in these waters, less than 300 mg/1, and was not routinely analyzed. Alkalinity is also very low, and determination of bicarbonate is complicated by the presence of organic alkalinity (Carothers and Kharaka, 1980) and loss of CO2 as the water is produced. We made no attempt to determine in situ carbonate saturation states. Regarding the major cations, and chloride, with the exception of Mg (discussed below), the relative ionic proportions of water deeper than 2km are approximately constant. We observe no statistically significant differences in Ca/Cl or Na/Cl ratios among any samples from this area. The Na/Cl ratio is neither that of halite nor that of seawater (Fig. 2). Sr and K do not correlate as well with chloride, in part due to more severe analytical difficulties. There is a suggestion, especially in the 3200-and 2100-m depth intervals, that some shallower water contains slightly less Sr and K relative to chloride than does deeper water and that a correlation with depth may exist.

SCHEME 25.2(C) Microwave assisted carbonylation using Mo(CO)g as an in situ carbon monoxide source (Reference 37). 

Figure 3 Bathymetric profiles of calcium carbonate (calcite) saturation for hydrographic stations in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans (data from Takahashi etai 1980). Carbonate saturation here is expressed as ACOa ", defined as the difference between the in situ carbonate ion concentration and the saturation carbonate ion concentration at each depth ACOa " = [C03 ]seawater - [COa Jsaturation)-The saturation horizon corresponds to the transition from waters oversaturated to waters undersaturated with respect to calcite (A 003 = 0). This level is deeper in the Atlantic than in the Pacific because Pacific waters are COa-enriched and [C03 ]-depleted as a result of thermohaline circulation patterns and their longer isolation from the surface. The Atlantic data are from GEOSECS Station 59 (30°12 S, 39°18 W) Pacific data come from GEOSECS Station 235 (16°45 N,161°23 W).

FIGURE 2.34 TEM images of mesoporous carbons prepared by in situ carbonization of (a) P123 and (b) P103 snifactants. (From Kim, J., Lee, J., and Hyeon, T. Carbon 42 2711-2719, 2004. With permission.)... 

Overall performance of in-situ carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite retrofitted RC bridges... 

Saminathana K, Kamavaram V, Veedu V, and Kannan A M (2009), Preparation and evaluation of electrodeposited platinum nanoparticles on in situ carbon nanotubes grown carbon paper for proton exchange membrane fuel cells , Int J. Hydrogen En., 34, 3838-3844. DOI 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.03.009. 

Fig. 2 Scheme of the steps of the polymer-assisted solid-state synthesis of IFF powdtrs. The in situ carbon-coating is realized by polymer precursor at temperature Ts < 750 °C... 

Dominko et al. [33] prepared Li2FeSi04 samples by three different synthesis techniques (hydrothermal synthesis, modified Pechini synthesis and Pechini synthesis). The obtained samples demonstrated some interesting differences in morphology and particle size, as seen in Fig. 6, but fewer impurities were found in the samples that did not contain any in situ carbon or were prepared via hydrothermal synthesis. 

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