Impact without collision

However, trim elements also serve a functional purpose in that they help to absorb impact when the vehicle is involved in a collision and when the vehicle contacts flying gravel, road debris, roadway abutments or the Uke. Accordingly, plated metal on a trim element preferably must withstand impact without chipping, cracking, or delaminating. 

The intake structure itself may be designed to withstand the effects of the impact without loss of function. The effects of a collision on components of the heat transport systems directly associated with the UHS should be considered in their design. 

Without resorting to the impact approximation, perturbation theory is able to describe in the lowest order in both the dynamics of free rotation and its distortion produced by collisions. An additional advantage of the integral version of the theory is the simplicity of the relation following from Eq. (2.24) for the Laplace transforms of orientational and angular momentum correlation functions [107] ... 

We have used trajectory calculations to calculate this quantity [26]. Our method distinguishes between effective trajectories that contribute to P(E ,E) and those with very large impact parameter which do not. The P(E ,E) thus found, obeys conservation of probability and detailed balance and is independent of the impact parameter. The method is demonstrated for benzene-Ar collisions at various temperatures and internal energies. With this method, it is possible to combine ab initio inter and intramolecular potentials with trajectory calculations, obtain P(E ,E) and use that in master equation calculations to obtain rate coefficients and population distributions without resorting to any a priori assumptions and energy transfer models. 

Hagesffither et al [27] derived a model for film drainage in turbulent flows and studied its predictive capabilities. It was concluded that the film drainage models are not sufficiently accurate, and that adequate data on bubbly flows are not available for model validation. For droplet flows it was found that the pure drainage process (without interfacial mass transfer fluxes) was predicted with fair accuracy, whereas no reliable coalescence criterion was found (similar conclusions were made by Klaseboer et al [41, 42]). Furthermore, it was concluded that a head on collisions are not representative for all possible impact parameters. Orme [86] and Havelka et al [32], among others, noticed that the impact parameter is of great importance for the droplet-droplet collision outcome in gas flows. However, no collision outcome maps have been published yet for bubble-bubble collisions. 

Coalescence is the combining of drops either by collision or at a surface. It is desirable in some applications, while undesirable in others. It aids mass transfer and separation processes, but it is harmful to suspension and emulsion polymerization. Coalescence can occur when drops collide with one another or come to rest on surfaces and interfaces. Collisions between drops can result in either coalescence or rebounding. The impact creates transient forces that act on the colliding drops to thin the film separating them. As this film gets thinner, rupture (coalescence) occurs when the thickness reaches a critical value. If the film thickness does not reach this critical thickness during contact, the drops will depart without coalescing. 

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