Image analysis standardization

Immunohistochemical staining is very different from routine chromogenic stains such as H E. To utilize IHC stains for quantitative purposes, the user must understand these differences and perform the stain in both a standardized and repeatable manner. As has been described, image analysis... 

Core-shell colloidal crystal films were prepared in three steps as outlined in Table 4.2. First, spherical submicron polystyrene particles were prepared by known methods38 39. The size of isolated polystyrene beads was 326 5 nm as determined by analysis of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images using standard techniques. 

Particle size distributions of both hydrosols determined using a statistical image analysis of transmission electron microscopy (Jeol TEM 120 CX) micrographs are presented in Fig. 13.7. These hydrosols were prepared at different neutralization levels (pH = 2 and 2.8). Both particle size distributions are centered around 18 to 19 A and are extremely sharp as shown by the low values of the standard deviation a. 

Because SEM-AIA is often used to explain behavior under specific processing conditions, samples are prepared in the same size in which they are received. Coal samples with their included mineral matter are prepared for image analysis by mixing samples. of the dry coal with polyethylene powder (as a diluent) and molten carnauba wax in a volume ratio of 1 2 2. Pellets are then cut along the cylindrical axis to expose a vertical cross section of coal and mineral matter and polished using standard petrographic procedures. The surfaces are coated with 150 A of carbon to provide a conductive surface for SEM examination. 

Rilschoff, J., Plate, K. H., Contractor, H., Kem, S., Zimmermann, R., and Thomas, C. 1990. Evaluation of nucleolus organizer regions (AgNORs) by automatic image analysis a contribution to the standardization. J. Pathol. 767 113-118. 

Alemanskin et al. (79) extended the use of the entropic measure of mixing to both dispersive and distributive mixing using essentially modified Shannon entropy for systems with multiple species. These authors have also employed entropy to asses color homogeneity in extruded samples by means of computer image analysis and using standard direct red-blue-red (RGB) correlations (80,81). 

Additionally, the principle of garbage-in, garbage-out cannot be overstated. There is no point in attempting to quantify IHC slides unless one is sure that the immunohistochemical procedure has been produced in a reproducible fashion. Automation and standardization in the process of preparing the IHC slides are very important components for successful image analysis. 

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