Illumination pattern

Figure 1. UV field illumination of a Plan Apo 100x lens (1.4 NA) derived with a fluorescent plastic slide and the intensity measurement of 10-micron Spherotech beads (obtained from Spherotech, Libertyville, IL, USA). This illustrates the problem of using a lens with improper field illumination to make comparative measurements on a sample. The field illumination pattern shows a bull s eye intensity pattern slightly off-center and the five beads located in different parts of the field to illustrate the variation in intensity occurring by using a lens that has improper field illumination. The intensity of beads was derived by a small Region of Interest (ROI) inside the bead. The five beads show a decrease in intensity relative to the bead in the center of the illumination. Although this figure was obtained with UV optics, it represents the type of field illumination that can also occur with visible light excitation. This pattern is also unacceptable, if a confocal laser scanning microscope optical system is used for a FISH study, as the maximum intensity should be in the center of the objective and not in the corner.

Interferometers, Applications to the Study of Explosion and Propulsion Phenomena. Two monochromatic light beams arriving out-ofphase at some surface will produce a fringe illumination pattern on that surface. This phenomenon is called interference. If the light beams are in phase the illumination intensity is the sum of the individual intensities, but if they are half-a-wavelength out of phase, the illumination intensity decreases and becomes zero if the individual light beams are of equal intensity. In-between there are gradations... 

Figure 47 (A) shows the cabinet and mapping pattern (B) used in his studies. Two items of interest were the reproducibility of the lamp illumination patterns and how these might be affected by the aging of the lamps.

Miyake, J. et al. (1999). Simulation of the Daily Illumination Pattern of Sunlight for Bacterial Photo-hydrogen Production. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 88, 659-663. 

Step 3 The heart of calculation in ALM is a fuzzy interpolation and curve fitting method which is entitled IDS (Ink Drop Sptread). The IDS searches fuzzily for continuous possible paths on data planes. Assume that each data point on each x-y plane is a light source with a cone or pyramid shape illumination pattern. Therefore, with increase of distance of each data point, the intensity of light source decreases and goes toward zero. Also the illuminated patterns of different data points on each x-y plane are combined and new bright areas are formed. The IDS is exerted to each data point (pixel) on the normalized and discretized x-y planes. The radius of the base of cone or pyramid shape illumination pattern in each x-y plane is related to the positions of data in it. The radius increases until the all of the domain of variable in x-y plane be illuminated Figures 2c and 2d show the created illumination pattern (IL values) after the combination of the illumination patterns of different points in xi-y and X2-y planes, respectively. Here, pyramid shape illumination pattern has been used. 

Structured illumination yields an increase in resolution that is directly proportional to the tightness (or spatial frequency) of the illumination pattern. The maximal increase is normally a factor of two, since diffraction limits how tightly a pattern can be created with light. Nonlinear phenomena, however, can be utilized to introduce harmonics with arbitrarily high frequencies into the effective pattern, allowing for much larger increases in resolution. 

Feedback Dynamics. In assuming the counteractive rule, the optical feedback system automatically updates the illumination pattern. The feedback is implemented with a discrete form of recurrent neural network dynamics known as Hopfield-Tank model [8] yi t + At) = 1 — where Wij is the... 

A major weakness of the drop evaporation protocol used in these experiments is that it leaves HA deposited in a ring that is difficult to interrogate efficiently with conventional Raman spectroscopic optics. Optical and optomechanical systems for generation of circular and octagonal laser illumination patterns are under investigation as potential solutions to this problem. 

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