Ideal nitration

As stated in Chapter III, the ideal nitration of toluene to TNT would be toluene to 1-2 nitrotoluene, to 1-2-4 dinitrotoluene, to 1-2-4-6 TNT. But this... 

Finally, in the last step, the chelating auxiliary had to be removed Ideally, one would like to convert 4.54 into ketone 4.55 via a retro Mannich reaction. Unfortunately, repeated attempts to accomplish this failed. These attempts included refluxing in aqueous ethanol under acidic and basic conditions and refluxing in a 1 1 acetone - water mixture in the presence of excess paraformaldehyde under acidic conditions, in order to trap any liberated diamine. Tliese procedures were repeated under neutral conditions in the presence of copper(II)nitrate, but without success. 

Again, these forms are energetically very similar distortions from the idealized structures make it difficult to specify one or other, and the particular structure actually found must result from the interplay of many factors. [TaFg] , [ReFg] and [Zr(acac)4] are square antiprismatic, whereas [ZrFg] " and [Mo(CN)g] are dodecahedral. The nitrates [Co(N03)4] and Ti(N03)4 may both be regarded as dodecahedral, the former with some distortion. Each nitrate ion is bidentate but the 2... 

The speed of the nitrate ion selective electrode makes its use potentially ideal for nitrate determinations on a large number of samples. However, the results from adding various interfering substances (Table 2.3) seem to cast some doubt upon the values obtained in the presence of chloride and bicarbonate, for although the results are precise, they are not accurate, being approximately 20-30% high. 

Theory The solution of potassium alum is heated with an excess of disodium edetate to ensure complete formation of aluminium-edetate complex. Hexamine serves as a buffer thereby stabilizing the pH between 5 and 6, the ideal pH for the titration of the disodium edetate not required by the A1 with 0.05 M lead nitrate employing xylenol orange as indicator. The various reactions involved may be represented by the following equations ... 

Figure 3-23 (a) Idealized sketch of Liesegang ring when a silver nitrate drop is added to a sodium chromate gel, and (b) a picture of agate. 

According to Ref 10a, Hydrazoic acid molecules are linked into an infinite zigzag chain by N—H... N hydrogen bonds. Thus its high value of specific heat of vaporization is not unexpected. A fairly reliable Trouton constant of 23.5 eu for hydrazoic acid also suggests a non-ideal associated liquid. The other three azides in Table 8 have specific heats of vaporization similar to those of nitrate esters and nitramines... 

Burcat Thermodynamic Properties of Ideal Gas Nitro and Nitrate Compounds [43]... 

Another performance requirement often specified is spike recovery. Sometimes, response to analyte is affected by something else in the sample. We use the word matrix to refer to everything else in the sample other than analyte. A spike, also called a fortification, is a known quantity of analyte added to a sample to test whether the response to a sample is the same as that expected from a calibration curve. Spiked samples are analyzed in the same manner as unknowns. For example, if drinking water is found to contain 10.0 pg/L of nitrate, a spike of 5.0 pg/L could be added. Ideally, the concentration in the spiked portion found by analysis will be 15.0 pg/L. If a number other than 15.0 pg/L is found, then the matrix could be interfering with the analysis. 

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