Iceberg theory

In the 1974 book titled Management Guide to Loss Control, Frank E. Bird, Jr. presented what he called the iceberg theory of incident costs. In an exhibit having the appearance of an iceberg and captioned The Real Costs Of Accidents Can Be Measured and Controlled, Bird gave these ratios ... 

The iceberg theory of ionic solutions (17) and of hydration of proteins (18) is closely related to the hydrate microcrystal theory of anesthesia the only change suggested for these theories is that the ordered arrangement of water molecules about the solute ions and protein, side chains has one or another of the dathrate structures rather than the more compact ice-I structure. 

The vitron theory is probably related to the later iceberg theory, namely, the tendency of silica to form small immiscible clusters in melts of lower alkali content (205). In sodium silicate glass with a SiOicNajO ratio of 7 1, the model predicts collidal silica units or particles about 1.9 nm in diameter. 

Most people involved with workplace safety are aware of the iceberg theory, the safety triangle, or its correct terminology, the accident ratio. For every recorded injury or loss sitting above the surface, there are many unrecorded near miss incidents submerged below the surface. This was first proposed by H. W. Heinrich in 1931 when he published his 1 29 300 ratios. 

It is applicable to the energy-barrier model, HRO theory, and resilience engineering. The Captain was getting stuck in outdated behaviors, which is a failure of ability to anticipate in resilience engineering. It can also be explained by mindfulness of HRO theory because it is a lack of preoccupation with failure. Lastly, it promoted high speed in ice field and therefore weakened the barrier of spot iceberg and avoid collision . 

The First Officer of the Titanic ordered Hard a-starboard right after he was informed of the iceberg which ran completely contrary to accepted procedure. The action was much more likely to cause collisions than to prevent them (Ward, 2012). It is relevant to the energy-barrier model, HRO theory and resilience engineering. The frantic action of the First Officer can be explained by the ability to respond in resilience engineering and preoccupation with failure and sensitivity to operations of mindfulness in HRO theory. It influenced and weakened the barrier of spot iceberg and avoid collision . 

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