Ice condenser system

Some of the Westinghouse PWR plants are equipped with an ice-condenser system this is a large quantity of ice (about 1000 Mg) which is stored in perforated metal baskets and which would act as a low-temperature, passive heat sink to condense the steam produced in a loss-of-coolant accident and, thus, to absorb the energy released to the containment atmosphere. Condensation of steam on the ice surfaces also results in a certain degree of washout of airborne radionuclides. 

Malinowski, D. D. Iodine removal in the ice condenser system. Report WCAP-7426 (1970) Marimuthu, K., Mitragori, D. S., Sundararajan, A. R. Radiolysis of aqueous cesium iodide. 

Prevent containment overpressure Reactor building spray injection system Reactor building spray recirculation system Reactor building fan coolers Ice condensers Prevent containment overpressure Containment spray injection system, containment spray recirculation system containment fan c ng system, ice conde... 

A 2-1. three-necked flask is thoroughly dried and fitted with a large dry-ice condenser, a mechanical stirrer, a nitrogen inlet, and a powder funnel in an efficient hood. With nitrogen flowing through the system, 62.5 g. (1.60 moles) of commercial sodium amide (Note 1) is added rapidly. (Caution Sodium amide is corrosive and readily decomposes in the presence of moisture.) The funnel is replaced by a gas-inlet tube, the condenser is filled with a mixture of dry ice and acetone, and ca. 400 ml. of liquid... 

A 2-1. three-necked flask is fitted with a sealed mechanical stirrer, a gas-inlet tube, and a dry ice condenser protected from the air by a soda-lime drying tube (Note 1). The system is flushed thoroughly with dry ammonia, and 32.8 g. (0.84 mole) of sodium amide (Note 2) is added to the flask. The system is again flushed with ammonia, the condenser is provided with dry ice covered by acetone, and 1.2 1. of liquid ammonia is condensed... 

The refrigeration system is required to cool the ice condenser and the heat exchanger for the heat transfer medium. The system consists of four separate two-stage compressors with water-cooled liquehers. 

Vapour pressures for a number of atmospherically relevant condensed systems have been measured with mass spectrometry. These systems include hydrates of HC1, HjS04 and HNO, supercooled liquids and pure water-ice, as well as the interactions of HC1 vapour with die solids, ice and NAT [23,47,50-55]. Vapour pressure measurements over HNOj/HjO hydrates have also been made using infrared optical absorption with light originating from a tunable diode laser [29]. This technique allowed the identification of the metastable NAD in presence of the more stable NAT under temperature and vapour pressure conditions near to those found in the polar stratosphere. Vapour pressures of Up, HN03, HC1, HBr over supercooled aqueous mixtures with sulfuric acid have been calculated using an activity model [56]. It provides a parameterized model for vapour pressures over the stratospheric relevant temperatures (185-235 K). 

AIL, four-necked flask is equipped with a gas inlet tube, a mechanical stirrer, and a dry ice condenser topped with a three-way stopcock which is connected to a source of a dry nitrogen gas and a mineral-oil bubbler. Ni(acac)2 (103 g, 0.40 mol) is placed in the flask, and the system is replaced with nitrogen. Toluene (250 mL) and 1,5-cyclooctadi-ene (216 g, 2.0 mol) are added, and the mixture is stirred and cooled to -10 °C. The condenser is filled with a mixture of dry ice and acetone, and approximately 18 g of anhydrous butadiene is introduced through the gas inlet tube and dissolved to the cold mixture. The gas inlet tube is replaced with a nitrogen-flushed 250 mL dropping... 

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