Angiotensin-converting enzyme hypertension

Thiazide diuretics have a venerable history as antihypertensive agents until the advent of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors this class of drugs completely dominated first line therapy for hypertension. The size of thi.s market led until surprisingly recently to the syntheses of new sulfonamides related to the thiazides. Preparation of one of the last of these compounds starts by exhaustive reduction of the Diels-Alder adduct from cyclopentadiene and malei-mide (207). Nitrosation of the product (208), followed by reduction of the nitroso group of 209,... 

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) plays a central role in cardiovascular hemostasis. Its major function is the generation of angiotensin (ANG) II from ANGI and the degradation of bradykinin. Both peptides have profound impact on the cardiovascular system and beyond. ACE inhibitors are used to decrease blood pressure in hypertensive patients, to improve cardiac function, and to reduce work load of the heart in patients with cardiac failure. 

Gohlke P, Unger T (1994) Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, Chap. 65. In Swales ID (ed) Textbook of hypertension. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, London, Edinburgh, pp 1115-1127... 

MA M2 M02.001 Angiotensin-converting enzyme peptidase unit 1 Drug target for the control of hypertension... 

Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs. diuretic The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). JAMA 2002 288(23) =2981-2997. 

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin II receptor blockers decrease protein excretion and are the drugs of choice for hypertension in patients with CKD. 

Medications can increase the risk of hyperkalemia in patients with CKD, including angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers, used for the treatment of proteinuria and hypertension. Potassium-sparing diuretics, used for the treatment of edema and chronic heart failure, can also exacerbate the development of hyperkalemia, and should be used with caution in patients with stage 3 CKD or higher. 

Captopril, enalapril Angiotensin converting enzyme Hypertension... 

Duru K, Farrow S, Wang J-M, Lock-ette W, Kurz T. Frequency of a deletion polymorphism in the gene for angiotensin converting enzyme is increased in African-Americans with hypertension. 

Butler R, Morris AD, Burchell B, Struthers AD. DD angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism is associated with endothelial dysfunction in normal humans. Hypertension 1999 33 1164-1168. 

Perticone F, Ceravolo R, Maio R, Ventura G, Zingone A, Perrotti N, Mat-tioli PL. Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism is associated with endothelium-dependent vasodilation in never treated hypertensive patients. Hypertension 1998 31 900-905. 

Tian B, Meng QC, Chen Y-F, Krege JH, Smithies O, Oparil S. Blood pressures and cardiovascular homeostasis in mice having reduced or absent angiotensin-converting enzyme gene function. Hypertension 1997 30[part I] 128—133. 

Cooper RS, Guo X, Rotimi CN, Luke A, Ward R, Adeyemo A, Danilov SM. Heritability of angiotensin - converting enzyme and angiotensinogen. Hypertension 2000 35 1141-1147. 

Most patients with stage 1 hypertension should be treated initially with a thiazide diuretic, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, angio-... 

Angiotensin converting enzymes- inhibitors (ACE-inhibitors) are a group of drugs that are very potent in dilating the blood vessels and through this mechanism lower the blood pressure. Therefore they can also improve heart function in patients with heart failure. In some cases they are also used for preventing renal failure in persons with hypertension and/or diabetes. Paradoxically, this later use of ACE-inhibitors... 

Chapter 3 describes the 1-benzazepine family, particularly in relation to their use in the treatment of certain forms of hypertension resulting from inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzymes. In Chapter 4, regulation of the role of mast cells in the control of the microenvironment, and tissue growth and repair by many endogenous peptides is reviewed. 

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