Hydrogen potential gradient

The glow electrolysis technique (electrolysis with an anode immersed in the solution and the cathode above the surface) at 600-800 V dc and 300-500 mA converts a solution of starch into ethylene, methane, hydrogen, and both carbon mono- and dioxides.323 Electrochemical methods for converting polysaccharides and other biomass-derived materials have been reviewed briefly by Baizer.324 These methods are mainly oxidations along a potential gradient, which decreases the activation energy of the reactants. Starch in 5 M NaOH solution is oxidized on platinum electrodes to carboxylic acids with an activation energy of about 10 kcal/mol. In acidic media oxidation takes place at C-l followed by decarboxylation and oxidation at the C-2 and C-6 atoms.325... 

At equilibrium there is zero electric current, and the motor terminal potential difference is the same as that of the cell. The CO3- ion circulation is zero. Inside the cell, ion migration in the potential gradient is matched by counter migration in the concentration gradient. (Hydrogen Fuel)... 

Song SJ, Wachsman ED, Rhodes J, Dorris SE, Balachandran U. Numerical modeling of hydrogen permeation in chemical potential gradients. Sohd State Ionics. 2003 164 107-16. 

However, the electric potential gradient that now exists due to the oppositely charged ions triggers another change within 1 ps or so. This second reorganization of the hydrogen-bond network allows rapid proton transfer down the electric potential difference and subsequent recombination of the ions [4], This timescale is consistent with the time it takes for HBs to reorient themselves in water [5]. 

Modifications of Hittorf s method of determining transport numbers were used by a large number of experimenters. The moving boundary method was first used by Oliver Lodge, who showed that the hydrogen ion moves with the velocity of 0 0026 cm./sec. under a potential gradient of i volt/cm. It was improved by Whetham. ... 

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