Hydrogen energy chain

Pomes, R. Roux, B., Free energy profiles for H+ conduction along hydrogen-bonded chains of water molecules, Biophys. J. 1998, 75, 33-40... 

Lehmann J., Luschtinetz T., Menzl F., The wind-hydrogen-fuel cell chain, Proceedings of the 14th World Hydrogen Energy Conference, Montreal, Canada, 2002. 

Fig. 5.2 The main crop-to-energy chains. BtL Biomass-to-Liquid, GtL Gas-to-Liquid, ETBE Ethyl tert-butyl ether, MTBE Methyl tert-butyl ether, MeOH Methanol, DME Dimethyl ether. Pyrolysis oil, HTU-Diesel (Hydro Thermal Upgrading), ethanol and hydrogen from ligno-cellulosic species are not considered here because of their minor practical relevance in the near future...

Energy-chain analysis of hydrogen and its competing alternative fuels for transport... 

In the calculations of the energy of hydration of metal complexes in the inner coordination sphere, one must consider hydrogen bond formation between the first-shell water molecules and those in bulk water, which leads to chains of hydrogen-bonded water molecules. Such hydrogen-bonded chains of ethanol molecules attached to the central metal ion have been found as a result of DFT B3LYP calculations on ethanol adducts to nickel acetylacetonate, where the calculated energy of hydrogen bonds correlated well with experimental data [90]. 

Since hydrogen, like electricity, is secondary energy, the energy chain s front end converters (the power plants, the reformers, the electrolysers, the liquefiers and others) have to be taken into the safety considerations, too ... 

Reaction 5, however, has an activation energy of 16.5 kcal/mole. This limits the overall rate of the hydrogen oxidation chain reaction and hence as the temperature is decreased hydrogen oxidation becomes too slow to provide adequate chain branching and again there is a lower limit on the temperature of NO reduction. 

In such a way we have reduced our consideration to the problem of one-domain ferromagnetic particle with anisotropy energy described by equations (457) or (460). The problem of the macroscopic and mesoscopic quantum coherence which correspond to the tunnel switching of the magnetic moment between the two equilibrium directions was studied by Garg and Kim [332] in detail. This means that we may apply their results to calculate the tunneling frequency in the case of the hydrogen-bonded chain. Thus the Euclidean action SPe becomes... 

---