How does a reflux condenser work

All preparative chemists are familiar with the familiar Liebig condenser, which we position on top of a refluxing flask to prevent the flask boiling dry. The evaporating 

The energy is transferred to the glass inner surface of the condenser. We maintain a cool temperature inside the condenser by running a constant flow of water through the condenser s jacketed sleeve. The solvent releases a large amount of heat energy as it converts back to liquid, which passes to the water circulating within the jacket, and is then swept away. 

The Gibbs function G is named after Josiah Willard Gibbs (1839-1903), a humble American who contributed to most areas of physical chemistry. He also had a delightful sense of humour A mathematician may say anything he pleases, but a physicist must be at least partially sane.  

As well as calling G the Gibbs function, it is often called the Gibbs energy or (incorrectly) free energy.  

The Gibbs function is the energy available for reaction after adjusting for the entropy changes of the surroundings. 

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