How do Scanning Probe Microscopes Work

Beyond imaging many more applications of SPM exist [1, 16, 17]. Each SPM realization has a spectroscopy mode where, for example, one parameter is determined as a function of another (e.g. current as a function of voltage) [18, 19]. Objects of nanometer size, can be moved (manipulated) with the scanning probe tips through the forces acting between the tip (or the electric field of the tip) and the objects [20-22]. Additionally on-site on-time [23], and even real-time [24] observation of the processes on surfaces, e.g. adsorbate diffusion, is possible. On top of this, nano-lithography can be performed both with STM and AFM [25, 26]. 

Molecules have been embedded in the insulating layer to obtain (spatially averaged) information about electronic states of these molecules. 

Contrary to meaning of the term substrate in catalysis, here substrate denotes the support of the atoms or molecules which are studied. Later in the chapter, it is explained. 

3) For eddy current damping typically conductive metal sheets are placed in close vicinity to magnets. When the sheets move or vibrate eddy currents 

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