Homogeneity, electroactive composites

In the PANI.TSA/PLA blended electrospun nanofibers no phase segregation of PANI in a PLA matrix was observed, while phase segregation was observed in cast films with the same composition. Due to rapid solvent evaporation in the electrospinning process, no crystalline structures in fiber mats were formed compared to cast films. Highly homogeneous electroactive fibers can be useful in the construction of electronic devices and sensors. Similar behavior was observed in the PVDF-TrFE/PANI-PSSA electrospun nanofibers. 

A mixture of dimethyl sulfoxide/tetrahydrofuran (THE) was used to obtain homogeneous blended nanofibers of an HCl-doped poly(aniline-co-3-aminobenzoic acid) (3ABA-PANI) copolymer and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) for tissue engineering. Since the solvent system dimethyl sulfoxide (DMS0)/THF (50 50) is quite difficult to be removed from the nonwoven mats, the authors used a heated collector to facilitate solvent removal. This procedure can be considered essential in cases where nonwoven fiber mats will be used in cell growth. Besides, composite electroactive fibers achieve lower con-... 

The classical modification processes for solid homogeneous electrodes are (i) film and (ii) membrane covering, as well as (iii) adsorption, and (iv) covalent attachment immobilization of the modifier. These avenues are also open to modify carbon paste as the most popular representative of heterogeneous electrode materials. But, because of its composite character, it facilitates simpler ways of modification by direct addition of the modifier to the paste either during or after the preparation of the material. The term direct mixing was coined by Baldwin [106], though the history of modification of CPEs dates back to the mid-1960s, when Kuwana was the first who added electroactive components to the paste [107]. (In his case, however, there had been no intention to alter the CPE characteristics, and the purpose was to study the redox behavior of the adduct in a nonaqueous environment.)... 

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