Hollow fiber membrane cross arrangement

Li and Sirkar (2004, 2005) reported on novel hollow-fiber membranes and modules for use in both DCMD and VMD configurations. The presented new types of membranes were commercial porous PP hollow fibers (Accurel MEMBRANA, Wuppertal, Germany) of different dimensions and thicknesses coated with a variety of ultrathin microporous silicone-fluoropolymer layer on their external surface by plasma polymerization at Applied Membrane Technology (AMT) Inc. (Minnetonka, MN). The fibers were arranged in a rectangular cross-flow module design for the hot feed to flow over the outside surface of the fibers and to reduce the temperature polarization effect. Both the DCMD and VMD... 

The hoUow-fiber membrane is wound into a bundle with a layered, cross arrangement, as shown in Figure 2.4, and moderately sized. Regular intervals arc left between the hollow fibers to minimize pressure differentials and allow uniform flow and achieve small pressure drop. 

The amount of product water of one module has the capability of more than 2 times (i.e., double) or a 100-m /day capacity. The membrane material is the same CTA with the same characteristics of a cross-winding arrangement of the hollow fiber, the same excellent chlorine resistance, and stable operations are maintained (Marui et al., 2003 Hamano et al., 2006). 

Tubulin is a 110-kDa heterodimeric protein composed of two subunits a- and P- (-450 amino acids each) and it is the basic subunit of MT. MT are hollow cylindrical protein fibers formed by the lateral association of protofilaments, where each protofilament is a linear polymer of tubulin heterodimers that are bound head to tail. The parallel arrangement of protofilament forms the cylindrical MT wall. Typically, MT contain 13 protofilaments in cross-section aligned with the same polarity. The two ends of a MT are not identical. The minus end is crowned by a-tubulin subunits and serves as the site of nucleation at the centrosome, while the plus end is crowned by P-tubulin subunits and faces outward from the nucleus to the plasma membrane. The repeating subunits are held together in the polymers by non-covalent interactions [4-6],... 

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