High-temperature successive-flash

In general, increased bed temperature leads to increased load of organics in the condensates. Increasing bed temperature from 110°C to 120 to 130°C can increase BOD, COD, and TOC values nearly threefold. Finally, a novel high-pressure steam flash dryer (25 bar) has been operated successfully in Finland for drying of mined peat, which is then fed continuously to a high-... 

The rate of heat transfer is important for successfully conducting reactions. If heat transfer is slow, the energy liberated by a reaction is accumulated in the system and the temperature in the reactor increases, causing undesired side reactions. Efficient heat transfer is essential for the conduction of highly exothermic reactions in a controlled way in flash chemistry. 

Another method for measuring thermal diffusivity is the flash method developed by Parker et al. [48] and successfully used for the thermal diffusivity measurement of solid materials [49]. A high intensity short duration heat pulse is absorbed in the front surface of a thermally insulated sample of a few millimeters thick. The sample is coated with absorbing black paint if the sample is transparent to the heat pulse. The resulting temperature of the rear surface is measured by a thermocouple or infrared detector, as a function of time and is recorded either by an oscilloscope or a computer having a data acquisition system. The thermal diffusivity is calculated from this time-temperature curve and the thickness of the sample. This method is commercialized now, and there are ready made apparatus with sample holders for fluids. There is only one publication on nanofluids with this method. Shaikh et al. [50] measured thermal conductivity of carbon nanoparticle doped PAO oil. 

To a solution of allylic alcohol (1 equiv.) in dichloromethane (0.5 M) o-DPPBA, (1 equiv.), DMAP (0.1 equiv.) and DCC (1.1 equiv.) were successively added and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature until TLC analysis indicated complete consumption of the starting material. Subsequently, the reaction mixture was filtered through a plug of dichloromethane-wetted Celite and washed with additional dichloromethane. An appropriate amount of silica gel was added to the filtrate, which was then concentrated to dryness. Flash chromatography with petroleum ether/f erf-butyl methyl ether (9 1) provided the o-DPPB esters (2), usually as slightly yellow to colourless, highly viscous oils. 

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