Sonophoresis high-frequency

Menon, G. K., Bommannan, D. B. and Elias, P. M. High-frequency sonophoresis Permeation pathways and structural basis for enhanced permeability. Skin Pharmacol. 7 130-139, 1994. 

Table 3 Literature reports of high frequency sonophoresis...

Bommannan, D., et al. 1992. Sonophoresis. I. The use of high-frequency ultrasound to enhance transdermal drug delivery. Pharm Res 9 559. 

Kushner, J. IV, D. Blankschtein, and R. Langer. 2004. Experimental demonstration of the existence of highly permeable localized transport regions in low-frequency sonophoresis. J Pharm Sci 93 2733. 

Ultrasound (or sonophoresis) is a technology more traditionally associated with the fields of physiotherapy, sports medicine, and medical imaging rather than transdermal dmg delivery. Compared to physiotherapy, where high-frequency energy (1 MHz) is used, in transdermal dmg delivery low-frequency energy (20 kHz region) is applied across the skin. Cavitation, the acoustically induced formation and oscillation of gas bubbles formed because of the mechanical energy supplied, is the most probable... 

Sonophoresis has employed three distinct categories of US high-frequency or diagnostic US (2-10 MHz), mid-frequency or therapeutic US (0.7-3 MHz), and low-frequency US (5-100 kHz). It appears, from a general overview of the literature, that the efficiency of US-mediated drug delivery depends on several factors, including US frequency, intensity (i.e., power per unit area), continuous versus pulsed mode, duty cycle, duration, coupling medium, and so on. The fact that very few studies have used common values for some or any of these parameters almost certainly accounts for the different and sometimes contradictory results in the public domain. 

Ultrasound at various frequencies in the range of 20 kHz to 16 MHz has been used for sonophoresis. These studies of sonophoresis can be classified into three categories based on the ultrasound frequency used, i.e., therapeutic, high-frequency, and low-frequency ultrasound. 

High- frequency ultrasound (above 3 MHz) Bommanan et performed sonophoresis of sali-... 

Numerous attempts of sonophoresis have been performed over the last 40 years. As described earlier, these attempts can be classified into three categories therapeutic frequency, high-frequency and low-frequency ultrasound. 

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