High earth orbits

A high Earth orbit has the advantage of low Av and possible later retrieval of the waste, but it requires long term container integrity and very long orbit lifetime (not yet proven). Transport to the sun or solar escape has the advantages that the waste is permanently eliminated from the Earth, but a very high Av is required. The inner solar orbit has the next lowest Av but requires a very stable orbit, so that it does not return to Earth. 

High earth orbit (HEO) satellites typically have a perigee at 500 km above the surface of the Earth and an apogee as high as 50,000 km. The orbits are inclined at 63.4° in order to provide communications services to locations at high northern latitudes. 

Atomic oxygen is a highly reactive species that can pose serious problems for spacecraft in low Earth orbit due to degradation of materials of construction. In the case of siloxane elastomers and coatings88,89, it has been shown that surface oxidation occurs to give a silica layer which then protects the bulk material from further oxidation, with the result that little loss of physical properties occurs. 

From the late 1950s onward, Venus has been subjected to a variety of increasingly sophisticated Earth-based, Earth-orbital, and spacecraft observations. Spectroscopic observations of Venus were carried out using high-altitude telescopes carried on balloons or on airplanes. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers were applied to planetary spectroscopy and were used to observe Venus. As a result, the and... 

We have performed extensive theoretical studies of the 0( P) -I- CH,i, C2H6 and CgHs reactions, primarily focusing on high collision energies so as to simulate low Earth orbit conditions. 

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