1- Heptanol reaction with hydrogen bromide

Sketch a potential energy diagram for the reaction of 1 heptanol with hydrogen bromide paying careful attention to the positioning and structures of the intermediates and transition states... 

Unlike tertiary and secondary carbocations, methyl and primary carbocations are too high in energy to be intermediates in chemical reactions. However, methyl and primary alcohols are converted, albeit rather slowly, to alkyl halides on treatment with hydrogen halides. Therefore, they must follow a different meehanism, one that avoids carbocation intermediates. This alternative process is outlined in Mechanism 4.2 for the reaction of 1-heptanol with hydrogen bromide. 

As displayed in Figure 10.4, the ricinoleic acid (here the transesterification product, methyl ricinoleate) is subjected to a pyrolysis step. More specifically, the cracking pyrolysis takes place at 500-600 °C in presence of water vapour but in the absence of air to release undecenoic acid (methyl undecenoate) and heptaldehyde. The side product heptaldehyde is a source of several seven carbon-containing co-products such as heptanoic acid or heptanol. The main intermediate, methyl undecenoate, is further treated [9]. Firstly, it is hydrolysed to yield undecenoic acid. Then, it is reacted with hydrogen bromide in a nonpolar solvent to enable the reverse addition reaction, which forms bromoundecanoic acid. Finally, upon ammonia treatment, the crystalline solid 11-aminoundecanoic acid is formed and separated. 

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