Hemoglobin in sickle cell anemia

The genetic change that produced the mutant hemoglobin in sickle cell anemia can be classified as which type of mutation ... 

Ingbar S. H., and Kass, E. H. 1951. Sulfhydryl content of normal hemoglobin and hemoglobin in sickle cell anemia. Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med. 77, 74. 

Singer, K., and Chernoff, A. I. 1952. Studies on abnormal hemoglobins. III. The inter-relationship of type S (sickle cell) hemoglobin and type F (alkali-resistant) hemoglobin in sickle cell anemia. Blood 7, 47. 

CZE can provide a fast high-resolution method. The major hemoglobin (Hb) species of interest in sickle cell anemia are Hb At (pi = 7.10), Hb A2 (pi = 7.40), Hb F (pi = 7.15), and Hb S (pi = 7.25). CZE separations have been obtained in uncoated capillaries between pH 8 and 9 by using 1.0 M Tris, 50 mM vernol, or 20 mM borate buffer with detection at 415 nm.35 The best separations have been obtained at pH 8.5 in borate buffer. 

There are many kinds of amino acid substitutions that may produce abnormal hemoglobins besides that found in sickle cell anemia, but these conditions will not be elaborated upon here. 

Singer, H., Chemoff, A. I., and Singer, L., Studies on abnormal hemoglobin. I. Their demonstration in sickle cell anemia and other hematologic disorders by means of alkali denaturation. Blood 6, 413-428 (1951). 

In sickle cell anemia, the hemoglobin molecule (HbS) is abnormal. If the P chains of normal hemoglobin (HbA) and HbS have the N-terminal sequences shown below and the chains otherwise are the same, which of the following statements is TRUE ... 

Why does replacement of glutamic acid with valine alter hemoglobin and ultimately result in sickle cell anemia ... 

The isoelectric points are listed in Table 1. These results prove that the electrophoretic difference between normal hemoglobin and sickle cell anemia hemoglobin... 

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