Hemisphere projection

Using a micropipette and a small suction pressure to aspirate a hemispherical projection from a cell body into the pipette, Evans and Yeung measured a value for the cortical tension of 0.035 mN/m. Needham and Eiochmuth [1992] measured the cortical tension of individual cells that were driven down a tapered pipette in a series of equilibrium positions. In many cases the cortical tension increased as the cell moved further into the pipette, which means that the ceU has an apparent area expansion modulus (Equation 60.7). They obtained an average value of 0.04 mN/m for the expansion modulus and an extrapolated value for the cortical tension (at zero area dilation) in the resting state of 0.024 mN/m. The importance of the actin cytoskeleton in maintaining cortical tension was demonstrated by Tsai et al. [ 1994]. Treatment of the cells with a drug that disrupts actin filament structure (CTB = cytochalasin B) resulted in a decrease in cortical tension from 0.027 to 0.022 mN/m at a CTB concentration of 3 /rM and to 0.014 mN/m at 30 /rM. 

At the right-hand side of Fig. 11.33, the orientations (small dots) of connecting lines between event pairs are plotted in an equal-area, lower hemisphere projection. Most orientations in Fig. 11.33 are near the periphery of the hemisphere, thus indicating nearly horizontal inclination of the plane. The big filled dots indicate the orientation of the three coordinate axes. The normal vector of the plane is in the center of the hemisphere, i.e. nearly in z direction. 

Fig. 11.33. Correlation integral and fractal dimension (left-hand side) of Cluster No. 1 and the orientations of connecting lines between event pairs (small dots) in an equal-area, lower hemisphere projection (right-hand side).

In the Figure 2.49 the standard stereographic projection of the cubic crystal is considered oriented so that the direction [001] (thus along Oz) includes the North Pole of the sphere of projection. Only the information indicated in the northern hemisphere projection are required, those of the southern hemisphere being the duplicate with the opposite sign. 

The last three rows are the coordinates obtained by PC A of the seven parameters, as represented in hemispheric projection, the coordinates of the reaction rate constants mid in the smne frame, and the slope of the plot of log k versus the parallel vector elements (see text). 

FIGURE 4.3 Hemisphere projection three rate constants and seven solvent parameters. Circles represent points in their natural positions, crossed circles antipodes of points that fall in the hidden hemisphere, that is, the negatives of the indicated variables. 

Earthquake Mechanism Description and Inversion, Fig. 3 Lower hemisphere projection of the double-couple P-wave radiation pattern and relationships with block-faulting models. Shaded quadrants represent vertical component P-waves with positive polarity. The P (compression) and T (tension) axes are shown. This figure was prepared by the USGS... 

Mechanisms of Earthquakes in Vrancea, Fig. 4 Fault-plane solutions for the major Vrancea earthquakes instru-mentally recorded (equal-area lower-hemisphere projection)... 

The raphe nuclei are a cluster of nuclei found in the brainstem, where they are located in the medial portion of the formatio reticularis, the raphe. (The raphe is the junction of the left and right brainstem hemisphere, hence the name raphe=seam). Serotonergic nerve cells in the CNS originate from the raphe nuclei, i.e., their rostral portion, and because of their wide-ranging projections appear to supply serotonin (5HT) to the rest of the brain. 

On the left (A) is a profile of the human brain, and on the right, a magnified view (B) of a slice through the brain as indicated by the dotted line. The anatomy of the brain consists of two hemispheres, each covered with multiple layers of important cells known as the cerebral cortex. White matter, which consists of wiring —projections from one cell to another—lies beneath the cerebral cortex, along with some groups of cells that perform various functions. The ventricles are cavities through which runs a substance called cerebrospinal fluid, which helps protect and cushion the delicate structures of the nervous system. 

The idea of photoionization spatial localization of the molecular bonds or chromophore of a large molecule based on a combination of spectrally selective photoionization of a chosen bond or chromophore of the molecule with electron or ion microscopy is shown on Fig. 1 for a particular case of projective microscopy. A hemispherical tip of a needle with a radius of curvature... 

Also, the integral may be converted to an integral over the projection of the hemisphere on the (x,y) plane (denoted by P) by noting that... 

These isolines derived from out balloon data have been combined with those computed from aircraft data of project AIRSTREAM measured, up to about 20 km, over the American continent, between 10°S and 80°N [26], These aircraft data covering the time span 1973-1983 were averaged in relative units with respect to tropospheric abundances, in the same fashion as described for the balloon data. No seasonal effects were considered. As figs. 14-16 demonstrate, both data sets match fairly well, at least for middle and higher latitudes, yielding complete "hemispheric" distributions of CFC-12, CFC-11 and CH3CCI3. It should be mentioned that no intercalibration of the balloon and aircraft data sets has been carried out so far. 

Figure 3.11 The solid angle is defined as the area of the projection of a planar area A on the unit hemisphere.

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