Heating theory

In an obituaiy talk given at the Physical Society of Berlin in 1889, Hermann Helmholtz stressed that Clausius s strict formulation of the mechanical heat theory is one of the most surprising and interesting achievements of the old and new physics, because of the absolute generality independent of the nature of the physical body and since it establishes new, unforeseen relations between different branches of physics. 

The theoretical value of the frequency of vibration, depending on the curvature of the cmrve at its minimum, is naturally more uncertain. Calculation shows that the curve gives a frequency of vibration of 5300 cm. S about 20% higher than the value 4360 cm. from experiment. As for the moment of inertia, while it is larger than most of the values from specific heat theories, it is in accord with the larger values which have been found by Richardson and Tanaka from analysis of the hydrogen bands. 

Tarassov (1955) and also Desorbo (1953) have considered these ideas in relation to a onedimensional crystal in which case the one-dimensional frequency distribution function predicts a T dependence of the specific heat at low temperatures. In the case of crystalline selenium, however, it has been found necessary to combine the one-dimensional theory with the three-dimensional Debye continuum model in order to obtain quantitative agreement with the data below about 40° K. Tem-perley (1956) has also concluded that the one-dimensional specific heat theory for high polymers would have to be combined with a three-dimensional Debye spectrum proportional to T3 at low temperatures. For a further discussion of one-dimensional models see Sochava and TRAPEZNrKOVA (1957). 

Daltons scientific contributions were not limited to atomic theory. He also developed the concept of partial vapor pressure and did important work in the area of heat theory. Upon his death in 1844 in his longtime home of Manchester, England, 40,000 people attended the funeral of this unassuming teacher and researcher. 

The temperature factor 2B can be evaluated according to the specific heat theory of Debye-Waller so that... 

Worth mentioning is also the associated and intriguing means of irreversibility, or better, of the entropy increase, which are dynamical and which often lie outside the scope of standard edification. Notwithstanding, the entropy as the maximum property of equilibrium states is hardly understandable unless linked with the dynamical considerations. The equal a priori probability of states is already in the form of a symmetry principle because entropy depends symmetrically on all permissible states. TTie particular function of entropy is determined completely then by symmetry over the set of states and by the requirement of extensivity. Consequently it can be even shown that a full thermodynamic (heat) theory can be formulated with the heat, being totally absent. Nonetheless, the familiar central formulas, such as dlS = dQ/T, remains lawful although dQ does not acquire to have the significance of energy. Nevertheless, for the standard thermophysical studies the classical treatises are still of the daily use so that their basic principles and the extent of applicability are worthy of brief recapitulation. 

For me the decisive factor is that the development of theoretical chemistry, which, since the days of Helmholtz, has striven productively, under the leadership of van t Hoff, to make the achievements of heat theory its own, having effectively reached this goal, now strives further to enlist radiation theory and electrochemistry in service to its endeavors. This fundamental task can be promoted incomparably by the admission of Mr. Einstein to our circle of institutes. ... 

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