Heat fluctuation magnetic

Lanthanides with fractional valences have II, III and IV valences, as well as mixed II/III and III/IV valences. Depending on temperature and pressure, the degree of oxidation can change. This effect may result in a change in the different properties of nanoparticles, such as the stability, heat capacity, conductivity and magnetic susceptibility [218]. Valence fluctuation phenomena have been reported to occur... 

Besides the crust and the hadron shell, the hybrid star contains also a quark core. Both the nucleon shell and the quark core can be in superconducting phases, in dependence on the value of the temperature. Fluctuations affect transport coefficients, specific heat, emissivity, masses of low-lying excitations and respectively electromagnetic properties of the star, like electroconductivity and magnetic field structure, e.g., renormalizing critical values of the magnetic field (/ ,, Hc, Hc2). 

For solids in which IN([Xf) is very near to 1, often, although no magnetic order occurs, long-range fluctuations of coupled spins may take place, giving particular form to properties such as the (Stoner enhanced) magnetic susceptibility x, the electrical resistivity, and the specific heat of the solid. Spin fluctuations have been observed in actinides, and will be discussed in more detail in Chap. D. 

Many light actinide alloys which are not magnetic have a T dependence of the resistivity at low temperature as well as a large electronic specific heat coefficient y (Table 4). However, the archetype of a spin fluctuation system is UAI2. The electrical resistivity is proportional to T with a very large coefficient a = 0.15 qQcm/K up to 5... 

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