Halogens and Interhalogens

J. E. Ellis and G. Iveson, The Application of Gas-Eiquid Chromatography to the Analysis of Volatile Halogen and Interhalogen Compounds, Gas Chromatography, Butterworths, London, 1956 pp. 300—309. 

Miscellaneous inorganics Halogens and interhalogens Miscellaneous organics Organic halogen compounds... 

Karpfen published a study of trends in halogen bonding between a series of amines and halogens and interhalogens [171]. Iodine-containing electron acceptors were not included. This study involved the use of RHF, MP2, and various DFT methods using extended, polarized basis sets and made extensive use of pulsed-nozzle, FT-microwave spectroscopic data (similar to that... 

A very large number of complexes of pyridines and quinolines with all the halogens and interhalogen compounds are known, and as they have been enumerated elsewhere (74HQ14-S2)407,77HC(32-1)319) just a few examples are illustrated (Scheme 14). Treatment of pyridine with chlorine or bromine in the presence of aluminum chloride yields 4-pyridylpyridinium salts (equation 29), but rather curiously the action of iodine chloride on pyridinium hydrochloride at 250 °C produces the 2-isomer (51 equation 30). 

E. Reactions of 52Py2) and I(52Ps/2) with Halogens and Interhalogens... 

The electronic energy of the iodine atom in the 52Py2 state renders a number of atomic reactions with halogen and interhalogen molecules exothermic which would be endothermic for the analogous reactions of the ground state. 

At room temperature pyridines react reversibly with halogens and interhalogens, e.g. IC1, to give unstable adducts, which behave as mild halogenating agents. X-Ray diffraction studies of the pyridine-iodine complex have given its structure (73). 

In this section, the polyatomic cations of group 17 elements (halogen and interhalogen cations and polycations), cations and polycations of group 16 elements (O, S, Se, and... 

Halogens and Interhalogens. Yellow and red phosphorus ignite on contact with fluorine or chlorine, and red ignites in liquid bromine. Yellow phosphorus explodes in liquid chlorine or bromine and ignites in bromine vapor or solid iodine.8-11... 

Mercury bis[pentafluorotelluro(trifluoromethyl)amide] reacted with elemental halogens and interhalogens to yield ha]o(trifluoromethyl)amino tellurium pentafluoride2,3. The less electronegative halogens of the interhalogens join the amide-nitrogen atom. 

Both expressions for af, (Eqs. 6.1-18 and 6.1-19) have been used to numerically calculate the resonance Raman intensities of halogen and interhalogen molecules and their dependence on the incident laser energy =Hwq (Rousseau and Williams, 1976 Baierl and Kiefer, 1980, 1981 Ganz et al., 1990, 1992 Ganz and Kiefer, 1993a, 1994). 

Fig. 207. Relation of boiling point to molecular weight in some halogen and interhalogen...

The 12-electron group includes NO , O2, SO, and S2, and the 14-electron group, the molecules of the halogens and interhalogen compounds XX, and halogen oxy-ions XO . There are few examples of the 11- and 13-electron groups ... 

In summary, the stereochemistry of the halogenation of alkenes is not easily predicted. Addition of fluorine is mostly syn, while anti addition prevails with all other halogens and interhalogens. In most cases interhalogens show Markovnikov-type regioselectivity in their reactions with unsymmetrical olefins but enantioselective methods for the addition of halogens are still rare. 

Chromosorb T is prepared from Teflon 6. It is used when highly polar or reactive compounds such as water, halogens, and interhalogen compounds are to be separated. If acid washing and silylation fail to reduce peak tailing, then this support should be used. 

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