Halogenated aromatic, carboxylic acids

Bromophos phosphoro organic, phosphoro thioate Bromopropylate halogenated aromatic carboxylic acid... 

A Aliphatic carboxylic acids Aromatic carboxylic acids o Halogenated carboxylic acids... 

Alane (AIH3) and its derivatives have also been utilized in the reduction of carboxylic acids to primary alcohols. It rapidly reduces aldehydes, ketones, acid chlorides, lactones, esters, carboxylic acids and salts, tertiary amides, nitriles and epoxides. In contrast, nitro compounds and alkenes are slow to react. AIH3 is particularly useful for the chemoselective reduction of carboxylic acids containing halogen or nitro substituents, to produce the corresponding primary alcohols. DIBAL-H reduces aliphatic or aromatic carboxylic acids to produce either aldehydes (-75 °C) or primary alcohols (25 C) Aminoalu-minum hydrides are less reactive reagents and are superior for aldehyde synthesis. ... 

Solvents Esters, ketones, aromatics, halogenated hydrocarbons, carboxylic acids, alcohols,... 

In general, meta-substituted anilines show the usual inductive effects, already discussed in connexion with aromatic carboxylic acids (p. 83). These effects usually inlluence the magnitude of the pKy of aniline even more than they iniluence that of phenol (Table 8.4). In the para position, these inductive effects are reinforced by any mesomcric effect of which the substituent is capable, as explained on p. 83. The halogens and the methoxy-group show the usual resultant of (-1) and (+M) effects. 

Typical nonsieve, polar adsorbents are siUca gel and activated alumina. Kquilihrium data have been pubUshed on many systems (11—16,46,47). The order of affinity for various chemical species is saturated hydrocarbons < aromatic hydrocarbons = halogenated hydrocarbons < ethers = esters = ketones < amines = alcohols < carboxylic acids. In general, the selectivities are parallel to those obtained by the use of selective polar solvents in hydrocarbon systems, even the magnitudes are similar. Consequendy, the commercial use of these adsorbents must compete with solvent-extraction techniques. 

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