Halides metallothermic reduction

SmCl3 resulted in the reduction only to SmC. From NdCl3 + Ca with the addition of Fe powder, the alloy Nd2Fei7 was obtained. In a discussion of the results it was observed that the products obtained at ambient temperature by mechanical alloying are the same which result from the conventional metallothermic reduction of the rare earth halides. However, the metallothermic reduction requires a temperature of 800-1000°C for the reduction of the chlorides and 1400-1600°C for the fluorides. The products of the mechanical process, on the other hand, are fine, amorphous or microcrystalline, highly reactive metal powders mixed with CaCl2. 

Metallothermic reduction of an actinide halide was the first method applied to the preparation of an actinide metal. Initially, actinide chlorides were reduced by alkali metals, but then actinide fluorides, which are much less hygroscopic than the chlorides, were more... 

In principle, a promising method for the preparation of Ac metal is the tantalothermic reduction of AcC, as described generally in Section II,C. This method has not been tried as yet, however, so the metallothermic reduction of an actinium halide or oxide remains the only proved method. 

Thorium metal is generally prepared by the metallothermic reduction of its halides (Section II,A). Very high-quality metal containing a total of 250 ppm impurities has been prepared at the Ames Laboratory of the Department of Energy (98, 99). These workers reduced ThCl4 with excess Mg metal to yield a Th-Mg alloy, which was then heated in vacuo to remove the excess Mg (55) ... 

Actinide (An) metals are prepared by reduction or thermal dissociation of their com-pounds The metallothermic reduction of halides is still in use, especially for microscale preparations. In this procedure, anhydrous actinide haUdes, in general fluorides, are exposed to the vapour of alkaline or alkaUne earth metals, e.g. 

Metallothermic reduction of compounds. Metallothermic reduction of halides (fluorides), a method used for lanthanide metal preparation, was among the first methods to be successfully applied to actinides ... 

The reduction of rare earth metal halides with unlike metals, Wohler s metallothermic reduction, has originally... 

Metallothermic reduction Reduction of a metal oxide or halide with a highly reductive metal... 

The synthesis of compounds of the lanthanides containing cluster complexes follows in general the same routes as described in The Divalent State in Solid Rare Earth Metal Halides, the conproportionation route and the metallothermic reduction route, for example... 

All of the actinide elements are metals with physical and chemical properties changing along the series from those typical of transition elements to those of the lanthanides. Several separation, purification, and preparation techniques have been developed considering the different properties of the actinide elements, their availability, and application. Powerful reducing agents are necessary to produce the metals from the actinide compounds. Actinide metals are produced by metallothermic reduction of halides, oxides, or carbides, followed by the evaporation in vacuum or the thermal dissociation of iodides to refine the metals. 

The metallothermic reduction of halides was the first method to be successfully applied. Actinium metal can... 

The reduction of rare-earth metal halides with unlike metals, Wohler s metallothermic reduction (Wohler, 1828), has originally been used to produce the rare-earth metals (Klemm and Bommer, 1937). When used properly, intermediates with oxidation states between +3 and 0 can be obtained. 

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