H. A. Lorentz

H.A. Lorentz, in Fortschr. Math. Wiss., Heft 2, Das Relativitdtsprinzip, 1920, Teubner, Leipzig. 

H. A. Lorentz, Vorlesungen iiber Theoretische Physik an der Universitdt Leiden, Vol. V, Die... 

Later H. A. Lorentz [15],5 apparently unaware of Lorenz 1867 work, independently regauged the Maxwell-Heaviside equations so that they represented a system that was in equilibrium with its active environment. This indeed simplified the mathematics, thus minimizing numerical methods. However, it also discarded all electrical windmills in a free wind —so to speak—and left only those electrical windmills in a large sealed room where there was never any net free wind. 

Such was H. A. Lorentz s prestige that, once he advanced symmetrical regauging of the Maxwell-Heaviside equations, it was rather universally adopted by electrodynamicists, who still use it today see, for example, Jackson [15]. 

H. A. Lorentz, ZittungsverlagenAkad. van Wettenschappen 1, 74 (Nov. 26, 1892) Versuch einer Theorie der elektrischen undoptischen Erscheinungen in bewegten Korpern, Brill, Leiden, 1895 Proc. Acad. Sci. (Amsterdam) (Engl, version) 6, 809 (1904) (The third reference and a translated excerpt form the second are available in The Principle of Relativity, Ref. 1. idem., The Theory of Electrons, Leipzig, 1909). 

On the other hand, the application of a static or slowly varying electric field will be able to displace ions and electrons away from their equilibrium positions and, as a consequence, the polarizability of the electrons will be modified. In the description of H. A. Lorentz s electronic oscillators, the small shifts in the ionic positions modify the spring constants and restoring forces of the electronic oscillators. 

H. A. Lorentz, The Theory of Electrons, Tuebner, Leipzig, Germany, 1916, reprinted by Dover Publications, New York, 1951, p. 305. 

H.A. Lorentz, Electromagnetic phenomena in a system moving with any velocity smaller than that of light, in [3] p. 9-34. 

The discovery of the electron first showed that the physics and chemistry of the nineteenth century were inadequate. The electron is a particle nearly two thousand times lighter than a hydrogen atom and electrons are contained in every kind of matter. At oms contain electrons and so are not merely indi-visible hard parthJeg The existence of electrons was established about 1897 by J. J. Thomson in the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge, England. Wiechert and Kaufmann in Germany at the same time also carried out experiments which indicated the existence of electrons. The theory of electrons was rapidly developed by J. J. Thomson, H. A. Lorentz, and many others. 

The interaction of a light wave and electrons in atoms in a solid was first analysed by H. A. Lorentz using a classical model of a damped harmonic oscillator subject to a force determined by the local electric field in the medium, see Equation (2.28). Since an atom is small compared with the wavelength of the radiation, the electric field can be regarded as constant across the atom, when the equation of motion becomes ... 

In the 19 century, H. A. Lorentz found experimentally that a charge with q moving with a velocity of v in a magnetic field (B) felt the following force (F) (1) The magnitude of F was found to be proportional to vflsin 0. (2) F was found to be directed at right angles to the plane of spanned by v and B as shown in Fig. 1-2. Thus, F can be represented by the vector product of v and B. 

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