Guyton

Berzehus (19) further appHed and amplified the nomenclature introduced by Guyton de Morveau and Lavoisier. It was he who divided the elements into metalloids (nonmetals) and metals according to their electrochemical character, and the compounds of oxygen with positive elements (metals) into suboxides, oxides, and peroxides. His division of the acids according to degree of oxidation has been Httie altered. He introduced the terms anhydride and amphoteric and designated the chlorides in a manner similar to that used for the oxides. 

This system of nomenclature has withstood the impact of later experimental discoveries and theoretical developments that have since the time of Guyton de Morveau and Lavoisier greatiy altered the character of chemical thought, eg, atomic theory (Dalton, 1802), the hydrogen theory of acids (Davy, 1809), the duahstic theory (Berzehus, 1811), polybasic acids (Liebig, 1834), Periodic Table (Mendeleev and Meyer, 1869), electrolytic dissociation theory (Arrhenius, 1887), and electronic theory and modem knowledge of molecular stmcture. 

Guyton, A. C., Chapter 33, Partition of the Body Fluids Osmotic Equilibria between Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids , in Textbook of Medical Physiology (5th Edition), (Ed.) Guyton A. C., i,1A-Ayi, W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia (1976)... 

Guyton AC. Human physiology and mechanisms of disease, 4th Ed. Philadelphia W. B. Saunders, 1987. 

Guyton, K. Z. Bhan, P. Kuppusamy, P. Zweier, J. L. Trush, M. A. Kensler, T. W. Free radical-derived quinone methide mediates skin tumor promotion by butylated hydroxytoluene hydroperoxide expanded role for electrophiles in multistage carcinogenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1991, 88, 946-950. 

Guyton, K. Dolan, P. M. Kensler, T. W. Quinone methide mediates in vitro induction of ornithine decarboxylase by the tumor promoter butylated hydroxytoluene hydroperoxide. Carcinogenesis 1994, 15, 817-821. 

Guyton, K. Z. Gorospe, M. Kensler, T. W. Holbrook, N. J. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation by butylated hydroxytoluene hydroperoxide implications for cellular survival and tumor promotion. Cancer Res. 1996, 56, 3480-3485. 

FIGURE 10-2. Distribution of body fluids showing the extracellular fluid volume, intracellular body fluid volume, and total body fluids in a 70 kg adult. Extracellular volume (ECV) comprises 14 liters of total body fluid (42 liters). Plasma volume makes up approximately 3 liters of the 14 liters of ECV. Intracellular volume accounts for the remaining 28 liters of total body fluids with roughly 2 liters being located within the red blood cells. Blood volume (approximately 5 liters) is also depicted and is made up of primarily red blood cells and plasma. (Reprinted from Guyton AC, Hall JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 8th ed. Philadelphia Saunders, 1991 275, with permission.)... 

AC Guyton. Basic Human Physiology Normal Functions and Mechanisms of Disease. Philadelphia WB Saunders, 1971, p. 428. 

With Guyton de Morveau, Lavoisier devised the system of chemical terms still used today. For the first time, the names of chemical substances described their constituents and proportions astringent Mars saffron became iron oxide, and philosophic wool became zinc oxide. Many contemporaries called Lavoisier s new chemistry The French Science. Today Lavoisier is regarded as the equal of Isaac Newton in physics, Charles Darwin in evolution, or Albert Einstein in relativity. 

Fenske, R.A., Hamburger, S.J., and Guyton, C.L. (1987) Occupational exposure to fosethyl-Al during spraying of ornamentals in greenhouses, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 16 615-621. 

Guyton, A.C. and Hall, J.E., Textbook of Medical Physiology, 10th ed., W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, 2000. 

J. R. Guyton, Curr. Opin. Lipidol, 2007,18, 415 and references therein. 

The absorption efficiency of the different carotenoids is variable. For example, (3-cryptoxanthin has been reported to have higher absorption efficiency than a-cryptoxanthin in rats (Breithaupt and others 2007). Carotenoids must be liberated from the food before they can be absorbed by intestinal cells (Faulks and Southon 2005). Mechanical disruption of the food by mastication, ingestion, and mixing leads to carotenoid liberation (Guyton and Hall 2001). The enzymatic and acid-mediated hydrolysis of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins (chemical breaking of the food) also contributes to carotenoids liberation from the food matrix (Faulks and Southon 2005). Once released, carotenoids must be dissolved in oil droplets, which are emulsified with the aqueous components of the chyme. When these oil droplets are mixed with bile in the small intestine, their size is reduced, facilitating the hydrolytic processing of lipids by the pancreatic enzymes (Pasquier and others 1996 Furr and Clark 1997 ... 

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