Grayanotoxin, honey

GOssinger H, Hruby K, Haubenstock A, Pohl A, Davogg S. Cardiac arrhythmias in a patient with grayanotoxin-honey poisoning. Vet Hum Toxicol 1983 25(5) 328-9. 

The entire plant is potentially toxic to humans. Onset of action typically occurs within 2 h of ingestion with complete resolution by 24 h. Most exposures result in no toxicity. Grayanotoxin poisoning may result from consumption of honey acquired from a hive where... 

Grayanotoxins. Toxic diterpenoids present in leaves of the various species of Rhododendron. Kalmia, and Leucothoe. Ericaceae also found in honey from rhododen-... 

In seven cases of grayanotoxin poisoning due to consumption of wild honey that brought from the Himalayan belt of Nepal, most had blurring of vision, diplopia, and nausea and vomiting two had cardiac effects [1085]. 

Although most cases of poisoning are accidental, in a few cases deliberate selfpoisoning has occurred. In 21 patients (18 men) with acute grayanotoxin poisoning, enhancement of sexual performance was the reason for the would-be therapeutic use of mad honey [ll(f]. 

Gunduz A, Turedi S, Russell RM, Ayaz FA. Clinical review of grayanotoxin/mad honey poisoning past and present. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2008 46(5) 437-42. 

Onat F, Yegen BC, Lawrence R, Oktay A, Oktay S. Site of action of grayanotoxins in mad honey in rats. J Appl Toxicol 1991 11 (3) 199-201. 

Toxic ptmciple. Andromerlotoxins (grayanotoxins) are water-soluble Aerpenoid compounds. Leaves and flower nectar (including honey made from plant nectar) are... 

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