Gray fabric

Chen (2005) notes that after oxygen plasma treatment, the oxygen content of the gray fabric increases but the carbon content is reduced significantly, more than in... 

Industrial application of plasma treatment for cotton gray fabric pretreatment results in poorer hand feel and sofmess, but these adverse effects can be compensated by the subsequent finishing process. Plasma treatment can reduce effluents and cost of energy compared with conventional pretreatment processes. In terms of energy use, plasma treatment consumes about 9.8 ml of gasoline per meter of fabric while conventional pretreatment method consumes 62.5 ml of gasoline. In addition, the residues that remain after plasma treatment can be removed easily by the subsequent washing process. The plasma treatment shortens the treatment time when compared with conventional pretreatment with chemicals, but similar results can be achieved (Chen, 2005). 

In the first step woven cotton must be freed of residuals from the weaving process like fiber fragments which stand out from the surface. This down is removed by passing the gray fabric through a so-called singer where the down is simply burnt off with a flame. Otherwise the down would tend to give an uneven appearance of the dyed fabric. 

After the production of the gray fabric, especially in the case of raised carpets, a cutting process can follow to confer an even surface to the carpet. Depending on application and material composition, wall-to-wall carpets can also be treated chemically, that is, to make them flame retardant or hardly inflammable, soil-resistant, antistatic, or mothproof. The rear side of the fabric is either covered with a beam material or coated with foam to give the carpet the necessary thickness and therefore provide a better step padding and a good dimensional stability. 

Grayness of a fabric swatch is not directly proportional to its content of black pigment (or artificial sod). A basic formula relating reflectance to the pigment content or concentration can be appHed to the evaluation of detergency test swatches (51,99—101). In simple form, an adaptation of the Kubelka-Munk equation, it states that the quantity (1 — i ) /2R (where R is the fraction of light reflected from the sample) is a linear function of the sod content of the sample. 

Shikonin [517-89-5] (Cl 75535) occurs as an acetyl derivative in the Japanese shikone, Uthospermum eTythrorhi n another member of the Boraginaceae family. It is the (R)-optical isomer of alkannin (66). Tissue cultures of E. eythrorhi n are used in Japan to manufacture shikonin mainly for cosmetic use (67). Both alkannin and shikonin are mordant dyes producing violet to gray colors on fabrics. In Japan, shikonin was used to dye fabrics a color known as Tokyo Violet. Shikalkin [54952-43-1] the racemate (11), has been synthesized (68). 

Compressors are generally of gray cast iron, but some makes are fabricated from mild steel. 

Elderberries yield a violet color. In times past, not only were the berries used to color hair and wine, but also to enliven fabric and basket materials. Elder-berries have also been used to make beautifully colored inks and to tint paper blue. With alum used as a mordant to fix the dye, the berries give a purple color, used best on wool and silk. Elderberries mixed with alum and salt produce a lilac hue, and mixed with alum and cream of tartar they make a lovely crimson shade. Chrome used as a mordant with elder-berries produces a blue dye and tin used as a mordant produces blue gray. 

Test procedures established by Committee RA-33 include a test ribbon intended to characterize the ozone content of air to which fabrics are exposed. The test ribbon is dyed to the tertiary gray shade with Cl Disperse Blue 27. Committee RA-33 has also established a test ribbon for nitrogen dioxide gas fading. 

Fissure Elution Experiments. The migration characteristics of americium by water transport in fissures fabricated from gray hornblende schist were determined. Fissures not used in the previous sorption experiments were used for these elution experiments. A diagram of the experimental apparatus is shown in Figure 4. Solution reservoirs were attached above the fissures and the small bore tubes affixed to the bottom of the fissures were connected to solution metering pumps. 

SAMARIUM. [CAS 7440-19-9]. Chemical element symbol Sm, at. no. 62, at. wt. 150.35, fifth in the Lanthanide Series in the periodic table, mp 1,073°C, bp l,79l°C, density 7.520 g/cm3 (20 C). Elemental samarium has a rhombohedral crystal structure at 25DC. The pure metallic samarium is silver-gray in color, retaining a luster in dry air, but only moderately stable in moist air, with formation of an adherent oxide. When pure, the metal is soft and malleable, but must be worked and fabricated under an inert gas atmosphere. Finely divided samarium as well as chips from working are... 

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