Graphite embryo

When the mesophase pitch is heated, tiny spherical beads having a radial orientation of the graphite embryo form and grows in the mother pitch. When the size of the beads in the pitch reaches an appropriate size (10-30 pm), the pitch is cooled down and the beads can be collected by dissolving the pitch matrix with an appropriate solvent. The beads are then heat-treated in an oxygen/water gas mixture to produce the protective skin, as for the MCF, and then graphitized, as depicted in Figure 10. 

It was proposed to use the thermodynamics of small systems and Avrami equations to describe the formation processes of carbon nanostmctures during recrystallization (graphitization) [6, 7]. These equatiorrs are successfully applied [8] to forecast permolecular stmctures and prognosticate the conditions on the level of parameters resulting in the obtaining of nanostmctures of definite size and shape. The equation was also used to forecast the formation of fibers [9]. The application of Avrami equations in the processes of nanostmcture formation a) embryo formation and crystal growth in polymers [8... 

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