Graphite anisotropic characteristic

In this chapter, the structures and textures of carbons at different scales are explained. The carbon materials are classified into four families, diamond, graphite, fullerene, and carbyne on the basis of hybridized sp3, flat sp2, curved sp2, and sp orbitals used, respectively. Each family has its own characteristic diversity in structure and also in the possibility of accepting foreign species. The formation of these carbon materials from organic precursors (carbonization) is shortly described by dividing the process into three phases (gas, solid, and liquid), based on the intermediate phases formed during carbonization. The importance of nanotexture, mainly due to the preferred orientation of the anisotropic BSU in the graphite family, i.e., planar, axial, point, and random orientation schemes, is particularly emphasized. 

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