Granular temperature governing equation

For reactive flows the governing equations used by Lindborg et al [92] resemble those in sect 3.4.3, but the solid phase momentum equation contains several additional terms derived from kinetic theory and a frictional stress closure for slow quasi-static flow conditions based on concepts developed in soil mechanics. Moreover, to close the kinetic theory model the granular temperature is calculated from a separate transport equation. To avoid misconception the model equations are given below (in which the averaging symbols are disregarded for convenience) ... 

The governing equations used by Chao et al. [23] are listed below, where the variable subscripts 0,1 and 2 denote each of the three fluids in the order of gas, flotsam and jetsam. Equation (4.413) is a constraint for the gas and particle volume fractions, (4.414) is a universal continuity equation for both the gas and particle phases, (4.415) and (4.416) are the gas and particle momentum equations. Equation (4.316) is the granular temperature equation which describes the transport of the fluctuating kinetic... 

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