Granular computing

An Interactive Colour Video Segmentation A Granular Computing Approach... 

Pedrycz W (2001) Granular computing an introduction. In Proceedings of joint IFSA world congress and 20th NAFIPS international conference, vol 3. pp 1349-1354... 

Electrical Applications. The largest application of PTFE is for hookup and hookup-type wire used in electronic equipment in the military and aerospace industries. Coaxial cables, the second largest appHcation, use tapes made from fine powder resins and some from granular resin. Interconnecting wire appHcations include airframes. Other electrical appHcations include computer wire, electrical tape, electrical components, and spaghetti tubing. 

Direct measurement of particle velocity and velocity fluctuations in fluidized beds or riser reactors is necessary for validating multiphase models. Dudukovic [14] and Roy and Dudukovic [28] have used computer-automated radioactive particle tracking (CARPT) to foUow particles in a riser reactor. From their measurements, it was possible to calculate axial and radial solids diffusion as well as the granular temperature from a multiphase KTGF model. Figure 15.10 shows one such measurement... 

DPMs offer a viable tool to study the macroscopic behavior of assemblies of particles and originate from MD methods. Initiated in the 1950s by Alder and Wainwright (1957), MD is by now a well-developed method with thousands of papers published in the open literature on just the technical and numerical aspects. A thorough discussion of MD techniques can be found in the book by Allen and Tildesley (1990), where the details of both numerical algorithms and computational tricks are presented. Also, Frenkel and Smit (1996) provide a comprehensive introduction to the recipes of classical MD with emphasis on the physics underlying these methods. Nearly all techniques developed for MD can be directly applied to discrete particles models, except the formulation of particle-particle interactions. Based on the mechanism of particle-particle interaction, a granular system may be modeled either as hard-spheres or as soft-spheres. ... 

In this equation, the superscript ( ) indicates that a term is computed based upon the most recent information, which complies with the ( + l)th time level when all iterative loops have converged. Further, the convective transport and viscous generation of fluctuating kinetic energy have been collected in the explicit term D. The iterative solution procedure for the granular energy equations continues until the convergence criteria... 

After the new solid volume fractions have been obtained from Eq. (93), new particle pressures are calculated, where after new velocities can be obtained from the coupled momentum equations. Next, new granular temperatures are calculated from the granular energy equations by an iterative procedure described in Section IV.E.l. Finally, the new mass residuals (D ijk and (T>s)v,i are computed and the convergence criteria are checked again. 

Detonation and deflagration) 110) J. Herschkowitz, "The Chapman-Jouguet Plane for a Granular Explosive , PATM 1474(1964) (Based on the deton vel of a granular mixt of K perchlorate and powdered A1 confined in a Lucite tube and an ideal deton velocity calcd by the Ruby computer, H. found that the C-J plane is ca 0.9cm behind the plane at which the expln reaction begins) 111) W.H. Rinken-bach, formerly of PicArsn, Private communication, Oct 1964) 112) F.J, Cheselske, "In-... 

The above-mentioned article in this Vol also describes the so-called critical energy concept of shock initiation. Walker et al (Ref 58) give a critical energy value of llcal/cm2 for Tetryl. Howe (Ref 49) presents a not very convincing simplistic model of shock initiation in granular expls. Based on some fairly drastic assumptions he computes a reduced energy density for the Tetryl data of Lindstrom (Ref 40) and then... 

J. Li, D.J. Mason, A computational investigation of transient heat transfer in pneumatic transport of granular particles, Powder Technol. 112 (2000) 273-282. 

Three types of theoretical approaches can be used for modeling the gas-particles flows in the pneumatic dryers, namely Two-Fluid Theory [1], Eulerian-Granular [2] and the Discrete Element Method [3]. Traditionally the Two-Fluid Theory was used to model dilute phase flow. In this theory, the solid phase is being considering as a pseudo-fluid. It is assumed that both phases are occupying every point of the computational domain with its own volume fraction. Thus, macroscopic balance equations of mass, momentum and energy for both the gas and the solid... 

The data from Fig. 4.36, that show the evolution of c s(H,t)/Cto versus time, have been used to identify the model parameters Uj2 and 023. Here, H is the height of the fine sand granular bed used as porous filter. We have also selected the following process factors the porous bed height (H), the mean diameter of the particles in the sand granular bed (dg), the filtrate flow rate (G, ), the content of Fe(OH)3 in the water (noted here as Cq and c o in the model) and the fluid temperature as an indirect consideration of the liquid viscosity (t). Table 4.7 shows the results of these computations. 

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