Grand unification

Fig. 4.1. Schematic thermal history of the Universe showing some of the major episodes envisaged in the standard model. GUTs is short for grand unification theories and MWB is short for (the last scattering of) the microwave background radiation. The Universe is dominated by radiation and relativistic particles up to a time a little before that of MWB and by matter (including non-baryonic matter) thereafter, with dark energy eventually taking over.

The scalar field that is the object of their greatest desires and most ardent research is called the Higgs field. It arises as a logical necessity in their grand unification of the forces of nature. However, the cosmic scalar field mentioned above is of a very different nature, for it is infinitely lighter than the Higgs field. 

F. A Possible SO( 10) Grand Unification that Includes Non-Abelian Electrodynamics... 

The imification of fundamental forces, respectively of the first three types of the interactions from the Nature generates the so-called GUT (Grand Unification Theory), which when extended to the fourth interaction - the gravitational one (see Figure 1.5) constitutes the TOE (Theory of... 

The first of these limits is within CMSSM with cascade decays, evaluated assuming a fixed value of the parameters /x and tan,3. Limits assume two-generations of mass degenerate squarks (ql and qp) and gaugino mass parameters that are constrained by the unification condition at the grand unification scale. The second limit assumes a simplified model with a 100% branching ratio for the prompt decay q qx -Mass m > 1110 GeV, CL = 95% [tan/ =10, /x >0, 7io Q]... 

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