Gram-negative bacteria envelope

Fig. 1.4 Diagram showing detailed structure of the envelope of Gram-negative bacteria.

In Gram-negative bacteria which are characterised by a rather complex cell envelope, the CM is also referred to as inner membrane to distinguish it from a second lipid bilayer, termed outer membrane (OM). The space between these two layers is called the periplasm (PP). In the periplasmic space, many proteins are found with a variety of functions. Some are involved in biosynthesis and/or export of cell wall components and surface structures (e.g. pili, flagellae,... 

Mitochondria, Gram negative bacteria, and chloroplasts have double envelopes of membranes. As we discussed, their inner membranes are impermeable to ions and polar molecules other than those that are transported by specific... 

FIGURE 14.1 Cell envelope structures of (a) Gram-negative bacteria, (b) Gram-positive... 

Cell envelope (cell wall, outer membrane) Glutaraldehyde EDTA, other permeabilizers Cross-links proteins Gram-negative bacteria removal of Mg2+, release of some LPS... 

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