Grain schematic illustration

Figure 1. Schematic illustration of factors influencing the production and migration of radon in soils and into buildings. Geochemical processes affect the radium concentration in the soil. The emanating fraction is principally dependent upon soil moisture (1 0) and the size distribution of the soil grains (d). Diffusion of radon through the soil is affected primarily by soil porosity ( ) and moisture content, while convective flow of radon-bearing soil gas depends mainly upon the air permeability (k) of the soil and the pressure gradient (VP) established by the building.

Figure 6.11 (a) Definition of the dihedral angle, , at a junction of three grain boundaries in a polycrystalline solid, (b) Schematic illustration of the shape of an inclusion phase for different dihedral angles. 

Schematic illustration of initial incongruent dissolution. In the initial stages, a mineral grain may develop a cation depleted layer e, but eventually congruent dissolution is observed and the rate of dissolution of A (dA/dt) must equal B (dB/dt) for a 1 1 stoichiometry.

FIG. 1.1 A schematic illustration of colloid-mediated transport in porous media. The sketch illustrates the transport of molecular solutes by colloidal particles. The extent of such transport and its importance are determined by a number of factors, such as the extent of adsorption of molecular solutes on the colloids and on the grains, the deposition and retention of colloids in the pores, the influence of charges on the colloids and on the pore walls, and so on. 

Fig. 2.44 Schematic illustrating the changes accompanying the application of electrical and mechanical stresses to a polycrystalline ferroelectric ceramic (a) stress-free - each grain is non-polar because of the cancellation of both 180° and 90° domains (b) with applied electric field - 180° domains switch producing net overall polarity but no dimensional change (c) with increase in electric field 90° domains switch accompanied by small ( 1%) elongation (d) domains disorientated by application of mechanical stress. (Note the blank grains in (a) and (b) would contain similar domain structures.)...

Figure 2 schematically illustrates how the local anisotropies are averaged out for D < L0. In this illustration we have modelled the local anisotropy energy density for each individual grain by... 

Fig. 7.10 (a) Schematic illustration of void nucleation from grain boundary sliding, (b) TEM micrograph taken from the fatigue crack tip (R = 0.15, T = 1400°C, and vc = 0.1 Hz) showing the formation of the void in the alumina/SiC composite. From Han and Suresh, MIT. 

Fig. 17 Schematic illustration for combination of HREM and EELS. In addition to observation of lattice image by HREM, chemical analysis by EELS can separately be made with focused probe on grain and grain boundary. Theoretical analysis by model cluster for grain boundary is feasible by comparison with experimental spectra.

Fig. 29. Schematic illustration of the correlation between glass chemistry, grain growth, and microstructure. After Pyzik and Beaman [98], Reproduced with permission of the...

Figure 3.40 Wedge fringes at a grain boundary (a) bright-held image and (b) schematic illustration of grain boundary orientation in a specimen that generates the fringes in the bright-held image. (Reproduced with permission from M. von Heimandahl, Electron Microscopy of Materials, Academic Press, New York. 1980 Elsevier B. V.)...

Mesoscale simulation methods [34] bridge between the short length and time scales typically probed by atomistic and coarse-grained simulations at a higher computational cost and the larger scales typically probed by continuum simulations of bulk material behavior. Figure 7.4 is a schematic illustration of length and time scales, adapted from Shelley and Shelley [35]. 

Figure 5.2. Schematic illustration of grain structure in a rolled plate, along with designations for the rolling or longitudinal (L), transverse (T), and short-transverse or thickness (S) directions, and the associated cracking planes and crack growth directions per ASTM Method E-399 [3].

Fig. 14.3. Schematic illustration of YBCO grains which have nucleated on a surface where the interfacial interactions can be neglected. The (100), (010) and (001) low-energy crystallographic planes of YBCO constitute the boundary surfaces of the crystals.

Fig. 14.11. Schematic illustration of four techniques to introduce grain boundaries in YBCO thin films, (a) Bi-crystal substrate technique, (b) Bi-epitaxial technique where a template layer is used to change the epitaxial orientation of the YBCO film with respect to the substrate, (c) Step-edge on the substrate, (d) Surface modification.

Fig. 14.14. (a) Schematic illustration of the geometry of a step-edge on a substrate and the definition of 9. (b) Low-magnification TEM micrograph of a YBCO film on a step-edge on a (001) LaAlOs substrate, (c) HREM micrograph of the upper grain boundary arrowed in (b). 

In Fig. 12 a TEM micrograph and a schematic illustration of the oxide scale and of the metal subsurface zone ofTi35AI5Nb after 4 h of oxidation at 900°C is shown. Beneath an outer oxide mixture of A1203 and TiOz a layer of coarse-grained Ti02 is observed. 

Fig. 5.3. A schematic illustration of the molecular packing in (a) top and (b) bottom contact OFET devices. Small molecules deposited on metal contacts tend to lie flat, and do not have a contiguous grain structure where the molecules are standing vertically at the center of the channel.

Figure 1. Schematic illustration of the construction of a coarse-grained model for a macromolecule such as polyethylene. In the example shown here, the subchain formed by the three C-C bonds labeled 1,2,3 is represented by the effective bond labeled as I, the subchain formed by the three bonds 4,5,6 is represented by the effective bond labeled as II, etc. In the bond-fluctuation model the length b of the effective bond is allowed to fluctuate in a certain range 6min

Figure 7.7 Schematic illustration of a) dissolution-precipitation and b) liquid redistribution mechanisms in a material containing a grain boundary glassy phase.

Fig. 18 Schematic illustration of the wear mechanism of porous metal matrices impregnated by solid lubricant particles. The shaded areas are representative of the metal grains the concentric circles represent the fullerene-like nanoparticles.

Fig. 14 Schematic illustration of double-electron diffraction at the grain boundary.

---